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Spontaneous Vacuum Line Splitting in a Cavity

Javier J. Sanchez-Mondragon, Nikolay B. Narozhny, Joseph H. Eberly

Published Jun 18, 1984• 0 citations
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Abstract

The experimental possibility of observing the most basic atom-radiation interactions appears to be much closer than even two years ago. Such experiments are expected to focus on properties of a single Rydberg atom interacting with an ultracold cavity. In the event that the atom is prepared so that it can be approximated as having only two levels, and the cavity is cold enough to be effectively lossless during the interaction time, it is expected to be well described by the Jaynes Cummings (J-C) model1 theory. Rabi oscillations as predicted by J-C theory have already been observed for the N-atom case.2

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The experimental possibility of observing the most basic atom-radiation interactions appears to be much closer than even two years ago. Such experiments are expected to focus on properties of a single Rydberg atom interacting with an ultracold cavity. In the event that the atom is prepared so that it can be approximated as having only two levels, and the cavity is cold enough to be effectively lossless during the interaction time, it is expected to be well described by the Jaynes Cummings (J-C) model1 theory. Rabi oscillations as predicted by J-C theory have already been observed for the N-atom case.2
The absorption spectrum of a system of NNN atoms interacting with a single mode of the quantized radiation field is exactly calculated. Such a spectrum shows vacuum-field Rabi splittings, and thus microwave absorption by Rydberg atoms in a cavity should be a useful way to observe these splittings.
Rydberg atoms excited in microwave resonators are ideal systems to test quantum electrodynamics on an unusual scale.1 Owing to their very large electric dipole sizes, these atoms are indeed coupled so strongly to infrared and millimeter-wave radiation that the field of a few photons—ultimately the one of a single photon—stored in a cavity is large enough to induce important transition rates during the atomic time of flight across the cavity. As a result quantum radiative effects are observed in a range of frequencies where usual atomic systems behave as purely classical radiators. The enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate of a single atom prepared in a tuned cavity has already been observed.2 For a resonant cavity with very small losses, a point should be reached where the atom can no longer decay but instead reversibly oscillates between the two states involved in the transition resonant with the cavity mode. Experiments aimed at the observation of this new regime of quantum electrodynamics evolution are under way
A spontaneously decaying two-level atom in an evacuated high-Q cavity undergoes Rabi oscillations. This phenomenon has been observed experimentally as enhanced or inhibited spontaneous emission. In the standard Jaynes-Cummings model the atom is assumed to interact with only a single cavity mode. By retaining the infinite set of cavity modes the propagation of the spontaneously emitted radiation may be calculated. Such an analysis yields a clear physical picture of Rabi oscillations. These vacuum-field Rabi oscillations are compared with Rabi oscillations of a one-electron atom induced by coherent radiation. We show that the same wave packet analysis explains both types of Rabi oscillation. The limit in which a multimode cavity may be approximated as a single-mode cavity is discussed.
Recently, several research groups have reported investigations of vacuum-field Rabi splittings (VRS) in the linear response of strongly coupled semiconductor microcavities [1-4]. We have previously reported on the dynamics of time-domain vacuum Rabi oscillations, which are most easily understood in the framework of cavity exciton-polaritons, in which the in-plane momentum k|| is conserved [2], so that at each k|| a single cavity mode interacts with only a single mode of the electromagnetic field (Jaynes-Cummings model). In high Q semiconductor microcavities, the strong coupling between two-dimensional excitons and planar distributed- Bragg-reflector cavity modes results in several-meV splittings observable in the reflectivity or absorption spectrum. In the low excitation regime, the VRS is independent of light intensity incident on the cavity, since the vacuum-Rabi frequency exceeds the externally-driven Rabi frequency (in which case the Jaynes-Cummings model is equivalent to the linear dispersion of the coupled exciton-cavity system). As the incident light intensity is increased, two different effects may be expected to contribute to the nonlinear response. First, as long as the excitonic absorption is equivalent to a two-level system, higher-lying states of the Jaynes-Cummings ladder might be observable. Second, at high intensity phase-space filling and Coulomb screening of the exciton states results in a reduced oscillator strength which leads to a reduced VRS; this effect has no analogue in the case of atom-cavity systems. In this paper, we apply several ultrafast nonlinear techniques to investigate the nonlinear response of semiconductor microcavities.