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Science

Toward Creating a Rutherford Atom

David M. Villeneuve

Published Mar 18, 2005• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Rydberg atoms are atoms with a highly excited electron. In his Perspective, Villeneuve explains that by creating a coherent superposition of Rydberg states, the electron can be made to behave almost like a classical Rutherford atom. He highlights the report by Maeda et al., who show that they can force the electron wave packet to remain localized for thousands of highly elliptical orbits around the nucleus, much like a miniature planetary system. Such experiments help to bridge the gap between the quantum mechanical world and our everyday classical world.

DOI
10.1126/science.1110367

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Rydberg atoms are atoms with a highly excited electron. In his Perspective, Villeneuve explains that by creating a coherent superposition of Rydberg states, the electron can be made to behave almost like a classical Rutherford atom. He highlights the report by Maeda et al., who show that they can force the electron wave packet to remain localized for thousands of highly elliptical orbits around the nucleus, much like a miniature planetary system. Such experiments help to bridge the gap between the quantum mechanical world and our everyday classical world.
We demonstrate a protocol to create localized wave packets in very-high-n Rydberg states which travel in nearly circular orbits around the nucleus. Although these wave packets slowly dephase and eventually lose their localization, their motion can be monitored over several orbital periods. These wave packets represent the closest analog yet achieved to the original Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, i.e., an electron in a circular classical orbit around the nucleus. The possible extension of the approach to create "planetary atoms" in highly correlated stable multiply excited states is discussed.
A whole community of physicists is under the spell of the oversized atoms called Rydberg atoms. Created when one or sometimes two of their electrons is excited to very high energy levels, far from the nuclear core, Rydberg atoms can detect subtle electric fields and probe chemical reactions that ordinarily proceed too fast for study. And because their outermost electrons sometimes orbit the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun—a behavior reminiscent of classical physics, not the quantum physics of the atom—physicists are using Rydberg atoms to study the border between the quantum and classical worlds.
We demonstrate the use of a periodic train of half-cycle pulses to maintain strongly-localized wave packets in very-high-nnn $(n\ensuremath{\sim}300)$ Rydberg atoms that travel in near-circular orbits about the nucleus. This motion can be followed for hundreds of orbital periods and mimics the original Bohr model of the hydrogen atom which envisioned an electron in circular classical orbit about the nucleus.
When a coherent superposition of Rydberg states is excited by a laser pulse, a Rydberg wave packet is created. These wave packets are supremely quantum mechanical objects. However, they can be constructed to display classical, nearly classical, or semiclassical behavior, and thus serve as a natural bridge between the microscopic and mesoscopic worlds. In addition, their comparative simplicity allows detailed studies of the fundamental interactions of light with matter. The authors of this focus issue were invited to submit papers that reflect both the range of dynamical behavior exhibited by Rydberg wave packets, and the depth of understanding of them that is possible with current experiments and theory. In particular, the papers in this issue illustrate the possibility that emerging laser technology can be used not only to observe quantum behavior, but also to control it.
EVER since Rutherford and Bohr introduced the idea of electrons orbiting an atomic core, physicists have been interested in the behaviour of atoms that have an electron in a highly excited orbit. These so-called Rydberg atoms have been studied for decades, but recent advances in producing so-called half-cycle electrical pulses have opened a new era in this field. Rydberg atoms can be prepared and observed, and now the Rydberg electron can even be "kicked" in any direction as it orbits the atomic core. Three recent experiments have provided important new insights into the control of Rydberg electrons.
The quantum theory of atoms is based on a Hamiltonian which is just that of the classical Kepler theory of planetary orbits. In spite of this common foundation, the predictions of quantum theory ordinarily do not much resemble those of classical theory. Even in the limit of large quantum numbers the energy eigenstates of quantum theory do not look at all like the classical elliptical orbits. Recently, Parker and Stroud1 have shown that it is possible to excite a Rydberg atom wave packet whose radial dependence resembles the classical ideal of a particle traveling in an elliptical orbit. In this paper we discuss the formation of a wave packet in the polar and azimuthal angles by the coherent excitation of Rydberg states with the same principal quantum, but with a distribution of the angular momentum quantum numbers. When this wave packet is formed of the Rydberg states of an alkali atom the connection with classical theory is again striking. The wave packet precesses due to the core polarization, just as the classical elliptical orbit precesses due to an added r–4 perturbing potential.