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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Semiconductor-based quantum computing: from physical gates to architectures

Jacob M. Taylor, J. R. Petta, Hans‐Andreas Engel, Wolfgang D ur, Alex C. Johnson, Amir Yacoby, Charles M. Marcus, P. Zoller, Mikhail D. Lukin

Published May 17, 2006• 0 citations
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Semiconductor spin qubits are an attractive quantum computing platform that offers long qubit coherence times and compatibility with existing semiconductor fabrication technology for scale-up. Here, we propose a spin-qubit architecture based on spinless multielectron quantum dots that act as low-crosstalk couplers between a two-dimensional arrangement of spin qubits in a hexagonal lattice. The multielectron couplers are controlled by voltage signals, which mediate fast Heisenberg exchange and thus enable coherent multiqubit operations. For the proposed architecture, we discuss the implementation of the rotated XZZX surface code and numerically study its performance for a circuit-level noise model. We predict a threshold of 0.18 % for the error rate of the entangling gates. We further evaluate the scalability of the proposed architecture and predict the need for 4480 physical qubits per logical qubit with logical error rates of 10 − 12 considering entangling gate fidelities of 99.99 % , resulting in a chip size of 2.6 cm 2 to host 10 000 logical qubits.
Since the mid-20th century it has been understood that a general-purpose quan- tum computer would be able to efficiently solve problems that will forever be out-of-reach for conventional computers. Since then, many quantum algorithms have been developed with applications in a wide range of domains including cryptography, simulations, machine learning and data analysis. While this has resulted in substantial attention being paid to the development of quantum com- puters, the best architectures to use in their fabrication is not yet clear. Semiconductor quantum dot devices are a particularly promising candidate for use in quantum computing architectures, as it is anticipated that once the funda- mental building blocks are implemented, they might be massively scalable using the existing lithography techniques of the semiconductor industry. So far, how- ever, it is not yet clear how best to implement the high-fidelity gates required for general-purpose quantum computation. In this thesis, we present and characterise novel theoretical proposals for fast, simple and high-fidelity two-qubit gates using magnetic (exchange) coupling for specific semiconductor quantum dot qubits; namely, the singlet-triplet and resonant-exchange qubits. These two-qubit operations are simple enough that it is feasible for them to be implemented in experiments of the near future. Success- ful implementations would significantly extend the experimentally demonstrable frontier of semi-conductor quantum dot devices as relevant to their use in uni- versal quantum computing architectures. We also develop simple parameter estimation schemes by which it is possible to substantially mitigate the dominant sources of error for our proposed gates; namely, low-frequency charge and magnetic noise. We develop the techniques in the context of pseudo-static magnetic field gradient fluctuations in singlet- triplet qubits, and demonstrate that these techniques lead to a several orders of magnitude improvement in single-qubit coherence times. With minimal effort this could be ported to other qubit architectures.