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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Squeezing the vacuum by charged particles: a new effect in cavity quantum electronic detectors (A)

Wilhelm Becker, K. Wódkiewicz, Muhammad Suhail Zubairy

Published Feb 1, 1987• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Due to recent advances in superconducting microwave cavities with extremely high Q factors (Q ≃ 109 and higher), it has become possible to monitor experimentally quantum effects different from standard free-space quantum electronic detectors (QEDs). 1 If atoms are injected into such a cavity, subtle quantum cavity effects like collapses and revivals can occur as a result of resonant interaction of the atom with the cavity field.2

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Due to recent advances in superconducting microwave cavities with extremely high Q factors (Q ≃ 109 and higher), it has become possible to monitor experimentally quantum effects different from standard free-space quantum electronic detectors (QEDs). 1 If atoms are injected into such a cavity, subtle quantum cavity effects like collapses and revivals can occur as a result of resonant interaction of the atom with the cavity field.2
As Casimir pointed out many years ago, conducting surfaces and cavities alter the structure of the vacuum states, and these alterations can have physical effects. This is the underlying principle of the Casimir force and also the point of departure for a series of recent studies on atom-vacuum interactions in the microwave and millimeter wave regimes. The natural scale for such effects is set by the spontaneous emission rate. At microwave wavelengths this rate is normally too small for spontaneous emission to be observable, In Rydberg atoms, however, the rate is enhanced by a factor n4 (n is the principal quantum number, typically 20-40). Advances in experimental techniques for Rydberg atoms have opened the way to the study of the atom-vacuum interaction at long wavelengths. The result has been a renewed interest in physical effects due to the vacuum, essentially a new area of macroscopic quantum phenomena. Recent experiments with Rydberg atoms and also with free electrons are described. I will attempt to set the stage by reexamining some of the physical effects of the vacuum and illustrating the ideas with an experiment in which spontaneous emission was effectively turned off by tuning below cutoff a waveguidelike structure that surrounded the atom.1 (Invited paper, 25 min)
Introduction Ever since 1916/17 when Einstein argued [45] [46] that spontaneous emission must occur if matter and radiation are to achieve thermal equilibrium, physicists have believed that spontaneous emission is an inherent quantum mechanical property of atoms and that excited atoms inevitably radiate. This view, however, overlooks the fact that spontaneous emission is a consequence of the coupling of quantized energy states of atoms with the quantized radiation field, and is a manifestation of quantum noise or of emission ‘stimulated’ by ‘vacuum fluctuations’. An infinity of vacuum states is available to the photon radiated by an excited atom placed in free space, leading to the effective irreversibility of such emissions. If these vacuum states are modified, as for example by placing an excited atom between closely spaced mirrors or in a small cavity (essentially the Casimir effect), spontaneous emission can be greatly inhibited or enhanced or even made reversible. Recent advances in atomic and optical techniques have made it possible to control and manipulate spontaneous emission. A whole new branch of quantum optics called ‘cavity QED’ has developed since 1987 utilizing these dramatic changes in spontaneous emission rates in cavities to construct new kinds of microscopic masers or micromasers that operate with a single atom and a few photons or with photons emitted in pairs in a two-photon transition.
Circuit QED techniques have been instrumental in manipulating and probing with exquisite sensitivity the quantum state of superconducting quantum bits coupled to microwave cavities. Recently, it has become possible to fabricate new devices in which the superconducting quantum bits are replaced by hybrid mesoscopic circuits combining nanoconductors and metallic reservoirs. This mesoscopic QED provides a new experimental playground to study the light-matter interaction in electronic circuits. Here, we present the experimental state of the art of mesoscopic QED and its theoretical description. A first class of experiments focuses on the artificial atom limit, where some quasiparticles are trapped in nanocircuit bound states. In this limit, the circuit QED techniques can be used to manipulate and probe electronic degrees of freedom such as confined charges, spins, or Andreev pairs. A second class of experiments uses cavity photons to reveal the dynamics of electron tunneling between a nanoconductor and fermionic reservoirs. For instance, the Kondo effect, the charge relaxation caused by grounded metallic contacts, and the photo-emission caused by voltage-biased reservoirs have been studied. The tunnel coupling between nanoconductors and fermionic reservoirs also enable one to obtain split Cooper pairs, or Majorana bound states. Cavity photons represent a qualitatively new tool to study these exotic condensed matter states.
The coupling of atoms to high Q cavities results in strong modifications of the field and atomic frequencies. These effects are most conveniently analyzed in the ‘‘dressed atom’’ point of view. The vacuum Rabi splitting of the atom‐cavity resonance lines is now being observed in optical and microwave experiments where small samples of atoms resonantly interact with an empty cavity mode. Observation of this effect on a single atom coupled to a cavity vacuum is a realistic goal for experiments. Similar shifts are expected when the cavity mode is weakly excited. The detection of these shifts appears very promising for Quantum nondemolition measurements of very small photon numbers. We propose an experiment in which a microwave field stored in a high Q cavity is continuously monitored with the help of a non‐resonant beam of slow circular Rydberg atoms and we discuss possible applications of this method.