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AIP conference proceedings

Nuclear Spin Polarizer for Solid-State NMR Quantum Computers

Atsushi Goto

Published Jan 1, 2005• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have been developing a nuclear spin polarizer for solid‐state NMR quantum computers (QCs). The scheme utilizes the methods of optical pumping and polarization transfer, and enables initialization of the qubits in the QC materials where the optical pumping is not directly applicable. The current status of the development is described in both the instrumentation and the material aspects.

DOI
10.1063/1.1994671

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We have been developing a nuclear spin polarizer for solid‐state NMR quantum computers (QCs). The scheme utilizes the methods of optical pumping and polarization transfer, and enables initialization of the qubits in the QC materials where the optical pumping is not directly applicable. The current status of the development is described in both the instrumentation and the material aspects.
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Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has emerged as an important technique for material characterization, finding extensive applications across a diverse range of disciplines including physics, materials science, chemistry, and biology. Its utility stems from the ability to probe the local atomic environments and molecular dynamics within solid materials, which provides information on the composition of the material. In recent years, the scope of solid-state NMR has expanded into the realm of quantum information science and technology, where its abundant many-body interactions pulse control methodologies make it have significant research value and application potential. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of the research objects and theoretical underpinnings of solid-state NMR, delving into the critical nuclear spin interaction mechanisms and their corresponding Hamiltonian forms. These interactions, which include dipolar coupling, chemical shift anisotropy, and quadrupolar interactions, are fundamental to the interpretation of NMR spectra and the understanding of material properties at the atomic level. Moreover, the paper introduces typical dynamical control methods employed in the manipulation of solid-state nuclear spins. Techniques such as dynamical decoupling, which mitigates the effects of spin-spin interactions to extend coherence times, and magic-angle spinning, which averages out anisotropic interactions to yield high-resolution spectra. These methods are essential for enhancing the sensitivity and resolution of NMR experiments, enabling the extraction of detailed structural and dynamic information from complex materials. Then we introduce some recent advancements in quantum control based on solid-state NMR, such as nuclear spin polarization enhancement techniques, which include dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) and cross polarization (CP), significantly boost the sensitivity of NMR measurements. Additionally, the control techniques of Floquet average Hamiltonians are mentioned, showcasing their role in the precise manipulation of quantum states and the realization of quantum dynamics. Finally, the paper presents a series of seminal research works that illustrate the application of solid-state NMR quantum control technologies in the field of quantum simulation. These studies demonstrate how solid-state NMR can be leveraged to simulate and investigate quantum many-body systems, providing valuable insights into quantum phase transitions, entanglement dynamics, and other phenomena relevant to quantum information science. By bridging the gap between fundamental research and practical applications, solid-state NMR continues to play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of quantum materials and technologies.
Current experiments in liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quantum computing are limited by low initial polarization. To address this problem, we have investigated the use of optical pumping techniques to enhance the polarization of a 2-qubit NMR quantum computer (C13 and H1 in CHCl313). We have generalized the procedure for effective pure state preparation in order to efficiently use the increased polarization. With this more flexible scheme, an effective pure state is prepared with polarization enhancement of a factor of 10 compared to the thermal state. An implementation of Grover’s quantum search algorithm with a polarization-enhanced spin system is demonstrated.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has provided a valuable experimental testbed for quantum information processing (QIP). Here, we briefly review the use of nuclear spins as qubits, and discuss the current status of NMR-QIP. Advances in the techniques available for control are described along with the various implementations of quantum algorithms and quantum simulations that have been performed using NMR. The recent application of NMR control techniques to other quantum computing systems are reviewed before concluding with a description of the efforts currently underway to transition to solid state NMR systems that hold promise for scalable architectures.
We propose a decoupling-free nuclear-spin quantum computer installed on a quantum electron spin chain with a singlet ground state and a finite spin gap. Qubits are I=1/2I=1/2I=1/2 nuclear spins implanted periodically along the quantum spin chain. A magnetic field gradient is applied parallel to the chain, which allows individual access to each qubit. A single-qubit operation (rotation gate) is realized with the rf field tuned to the nuclear Larmor frequency at the qubit of interest, while a two-qubit operation (controlled-NOT gate) is achieved using the Suhl-Nakamura interaction through a packet of triplet magnons, which are excited by a microwave tuned to the spin gap energy (SN(SN(SN gate). The interaction can be switched off by turning off the microwave, and a decoupling-free quantum computer is realized. The initialization is achieved with an optical pumping qubit initializer, which has a multilayered structure of the quantum spin chain and a semiconductor. Spin polarizations created by the optical pumping in the semiconducting layers are transferred to the spin chain layers through a cross polarization and a spin diffusion. The scheme allows us to separate the initialization process from the computation, enabling us to optimize the latter independently of the former.