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International Conference on IT Convergence and Security (ICITCS)

Two Channel Quantum Security Modelling Focusing on Quantum Key Distribution Technique

Mustapha Yusuf Abubakar, Low Tang Jung, Oi-Mean Foong

Published Aug 1, 2015• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The work presents in this paper proposes to solve the existing issue of initial qubit (primary key) lost due to an attack by eavesdropper, causing the quantum bit error rate (QBER) to be high which may leaked enough information to the eavesdropper during secret key sharing in network communication. We intend to greatly reduce the QBER to a reasonable percentage that will make the key sharing communication more secured and effective. We use the dual quantum channels against the traditional single quantum channel. The dual channels give an upper hand to reduce the chances of error caused by eavesdropper. Simulations were conducted for varying the noise factor which is a measure of the presence of an eavesdropper. The results where compared between our proposed method and the one quantum channel model. Our method shows an almost half of the QBER reduced during the secret key sharing session.

DOI
10.1109/icitcs.2015.7293032

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The work presents in this paper proposes to solve the existing issue of initial qubit (primary key) lost due to an attack by eavesdropper, causing the quantum bit error rate (QBER) to be high which may leaked enough information to the eavesdropper during secret key sharing in network communication. We intend to greatly reduce the QBER to a reasonable percentage that will make the key sharing communication more secured and effective. We use the dual quantum channels against the traditional single quantum channel. The dual channels give an upper hand to reduce the chances of error caused by eavesdropper. Simulations were conducted for varying the noise factor which is a measure of the presence of an eavesdropper. The results where compared between our proposed method and the one quantum channel model. Our method shows an almost half of the QBER reduced during the secret key sharing session.
The current public key infrastructure (pki) encryption/decryption methods are still vulnerable to attacks. The main issue is, the public key algorithm suffers no effective solutions which are natural within particular integer factorization, distinct logarithm and also elliptic curve interactions. It might be computationally possible for an individual to create public and private key set computationally for attacking purposes. The current single channel quantum key distribution (qkd) technique suffers high quantum bit error rates (qber) in the presence of eavesdropping attacks. Therefore this high error rate needs to be reduced for better security using two channels qkd. With the current emergence of quantum computers many security algorithm that could take classical computer years to break could now be broken in matter of seconds. Therefore stronger quantum cryptography is needed for high security networking. This paper is proposed to provide a way for solving the key transmission issues using qkd, as a new method, by providing two quantum channels to improve qber. In addition also to develop an algorithm for integrating pki and qkd in solving the secrete key sharing issues in grid environment. The research methodology will require the use of qkd devices to be placed at the end of the sender and the receiver nodes for quantum channel secrete key sharing. The outcome of the research shall provide highly enhanced network cryptography mechanism for cyber security.
This work presents quantum key distribution protocols (QKDPs) to safeguard security in large networks, efficiency is improved as the proposed protocols contain the fewest number of communication rounds and two parties can share and use a long-term secret Key. Quantum cryptography is basically based on a trusted channel in communication between two parties compared to classical channel. Recently, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has become more secure transmission method used to transmit secret key between two legitimate parties. This paper discusses the implementation of (QKD) protocol with the existence of an eavesdropper. The implementation simulates the communication of two parties who wish to share a secret key with the existing of eavesdropper. The existing of eavesdropper is simulated with two kinds of attacks, which is used as parameter to measure the length of final key agreed by both authenticated parties at the end of the communication.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two remote users to establish a secret key in the presence of an eavesdropper. The users share quantum states prepared in two mutually unbiased bases: one to generate the key while the other monitors the presence of the eavesdropper. Here, we show that a general ddd-dimension QKD system can be secured by transmitting only a subset of the monitoring states. In particular, we find that there is no loss in the secure key rate when dropping one of the monitoring states. Furthermore, it is possible to use only a single monitoring state if the quantum bit error rates are low enough. We apply our formalism to an experimental d=4d=4d=4 time-phase QKD system, where only one monitoring state is transmitted, and obtain a secret key rate of $17.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.8$ Mbits/s at a 4 dB channel loss and with a quantum bit error rate of $0.045\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001$ and $0.037\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001$ in time and phase bases, respectively, which is 58.4% of the secret key rate that can be achieved with the full setup. This ratio can be increased, potentially up to 100%, if the error rates in time and phase basis are reduced. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to substantially simplify the design of high-dimensional QKD systems, including those that use the spatial or temporal degrees of freedom of the photon, and still outperform qubit-based (d=2d=2d=2) protocols.
Quantum cryptography is a well-stated field within quantum applications where quantum information is used to set secure communications, authentication, and secret keys. Now used in quantum devices with those purposes, particularly Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which proposes a secret key between two parties free of effective eavesdropping, at least at a higher level than classical cryptography. The best-known quantum protocol to securely share a secret key is the BB84 one. Other protocols have been proposed as adaptations of it. Most of them are based on the quantum indeterminacy for non-orthogonal quantum states. Their security is commonly based on the large length of the key. In the current work, a BB84-like procedure for QKD based on double quantum teleportation allows the sharing of the key statement using several parties. Thus, the quantum bits of information are assembled among three parties via entanglement, instead of travelling through a unique quantum channel as in the traditional protocol. Asymmetry in the double teleportation plus post-measurement retains the secrecy in the process. Despite requiring more complex control and resources, the procedure dramatically reduces the probability of success for an eavesdropper under individual attacks, because of the ignorance of the processing times in the procedure. Quantum Bit Error Rate remains in the acceptable threshold and it becomes configurable. The article depicts the double quantum teleportation procedure, the associated control to introduce the QKD scheme, the analysis of individual attacks performed by an eavesdropper, and a brief comparison with other protocols.
Quantum cryptography is basically based on a trusted channel in communication between two parties compared to classical channel. Recently, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD has become more secure transmission method used to transmit secret key between two legitimate parties. This paper discusses the implementation of QKD protocol (BB84 protocol), which is widely used today. The implementation simulates the communication of two parties who wish to share a secret key with the existing of eavesdropper. The existing of eavesdropper is simulated with two kinds of attacks, which is use as parameter to measure the length of final key agreed by both authenticated parties at the end of the communication. This paper also discuss about future works to fully implement the shared secret key.
Security of the quantum secure direct communication protocol (i.e., the C-S QSDC protocol) recently proposed by Cao and Song [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 290] is analyzed in the case of considerable quantum channel noise. The eavesdropping scheme is presented, which reveals that the C-S QSDC protocol is not secure if the quantum bit error rate (QBER) caused by quantum channel noise is higher than 4.17%. Our eavesdropping scheme induces about 4.17% QBER for those check qubits. However, such QBER can be hidden in the counterpart induced by the noisy quantum channel if the eavesdropper Eve replaces the original noisy channel by an ideal one. Furthermore, if the QBER induced by quantum channel noise is lower than 4.17%, then in the eavesdropping scheme Eve still can eavesdrop part of the secret messages by safely attacking a fraction of the transmitted qubits. Finally, an improvement on the C-S QSDC protocol is put forward.