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AIP conference proceedings

Experimental Realization of a Differential Radio-Frequency Single-Electron Transistor

Justin F. Schneiderman, Per Delsing, Matthew D. Shaw, Hans M. Bozler, P. M. Echternach

Published Jan 1, 2006• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have fabricated and characterized a new type of electrometer that couples two parallel single‐electron transistors (SETs) to a radio‐frequency tank circuit for use as a differential RF‐SET. We demonstrate operation of this device in summing, differential, and single‐SET operation modes. In differential mode, the device is sensitive to uncorrelated input signals while screening out correlated ones.

DOI
10.1063/1.2355241

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We have fabricated and characterized a new type of electrometer that couples two parallel single‐electron transistors (SETs) to a radio‐frequency tank circuit for use as a differential RF‐SET. We demonstrate operation of this device in summing, differential, and single‐SET operation modes. In differential mode, the device is sensitive to uncorrelated input signals while screening out correlated ones.
We have fabricated and characterized an electrometer that couples two parallel single-electron transistors (SETs) to a single radio-frequency (RF) tank circuit for use as a differential RF-SET. We demonstrate operation of this device in summing, differential, and single-SET operation modes, and use it to measure a Coulomb staircase from a differential single Cooper-pair box. In differential mode, the device acts to screen out correlated input signals while being sensitive to anticorrelated signals.
We have fabricated and characterized an electrometer that couples two parallel single-electron transistors (SETs) to a single radio-frequency (RF) tank circuit for use as a differential RF-SET. We demonstrate operation of this device in summing, differential, and single-SET operation modes, and use it to measure a Coulomb staircase from a differential single Cooper-pair box. In differential mode, the device acts to screen out correlated input signals while being sensitive to anticorrelated signals.
We describe fabrication and measurements of Single Electron Transistors operated in the Radio Frequency mode (RF-SET). We demonstrate very high sensitivity for RF-SETs and we evaluate the back-action from an RF-SET, when used as a read-out device for charge qubits. We conclude that single-shot read-out is possible with a signal to noise ratio greater than one, and that niobium qubits would substantially improve the signal to noise ratio. Furthermore we describe how the RF-SET could be used to read out a differential qubit in a gradiometer coupling.
This thesis will discuss the principles, techniques and applications of the Radio Frequency Single Electron Transistor (RF-SET). In the first part, the operating principles of Single Electron Transistors (SETS) in the normal and superconducting states will be introduced. The general techniques of fabricating and calibrating SETs will also be introduced. In the second part, two of our recent experiments are reviewed. One is related to the sensitivity and linearity of superconducting RF-SETs. We found that the RF-SET achieves the best balance of charge sensitivity and linearity in the subgap regime, as opposed to the usual preferred working point in the above-gap regime. The second experiment relates to the real-time counting of single electrons. We demonstrated that the RF-SET can be used as a fast and ultra-sensitive electrometer which can even detect tunneling of a single electron inside a tunable quantum dot (QD) formed in a two dimensional electron gas (2DEG).
A new type of electrometer is described that uses a single-electron transistor (SET) and that allows large operating speeds and extremely high charge sensitivity. The SET readout was accomplished by measuring the damping of a 1.7-gigahertz resonant circuit in which the device is embedded, and in some ways is the electrostatic "dual" of the well-known radio-frequency superconducting quantum interference device. The device is more than two orders of magnitude faster than previous single-electron devices, with a constant gain from dc to greater than 100 megahertz. For a still-unoptimized device, a charge sensitivity of 1.2 x 10(-5) e/hertz was obtained at a frequency of 1.1 megahertz, which is about an order of magnitude better than a typical, 1/f-noise-limited SET, and corresponds to an energy sensitivity (in joules per hertz) of about 41 Planck's over 2pi.
The radio-frequency superconducting single electron transistor (RF-SET) is a highly sensitive and fast electrometer operating near the quantum limit. The back-action current noise of the SET induces voltage fluctuations on the system it is coupled to, dephasing its charge states. Here we propose to study the back action of the RF-SET by means of a double quantum dot (DQD) and, an RF-SET electrostatically coupled to one of the two dots. The inelastic current through the DQD is very sensitive to the spectral density of the voltage fluctuations in the nearby environment. By properly choosing the dot size and inter-dot tunnel barrier thickness, one can cause inelastic process to dominate the transport processes. A measurement of the inelastic current through the double dot system can then be used to calculate the spectral density of noise associated with the RF-SET and hence its back action. The design, fabrication and characterization of an RF-SET/DQD system is discussed in this work. Real-time studies of electron dynamics in coupled dots are also addressed.