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Photonic crystals modified by optically resonant systems

Philip J. Harding

Published Jun 13, 2008• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate light propagation in periodic nanoscale structures known as photonic crystals. The goal is to gain insight into how the propagation of light can be modified and exploited for uses in telecommunication, regenerative energy, quantum information processing and optical computing. To this end, we dope photonic crystals with optically resonant systems: systems which strongly modify light propagation.

DOI
10.3990/1.9789036526838

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We investigate light propagation in periodic nanoscale structures known as photonic crystals. The goal is to gain insight into how the propagation of light can be modified and exploited for uses in telecommunication, regenerative energy, quantum information processing and optical computing. To this end, we dope photonic crystals with optically resonant systems: systems which strongly modify light propagation.
Photonic crystals are optical materials that have an intricate structure with length scales of the order of the wavelength of light. The flow of photons is controlled in a manner analogous to how electrons propagate through semiconductor crystals, i.e., by Bragg diffraction and the formation of band structures. If the interaction between light and matter is made strong, multiple diffraction and multiple scattering effects dominate. A main research goal is the realization of a "photonic band gap", that is, a frequency range for which no light can propagate in a crystal in any direction, which causes radical modifications of the density of radiative states. Important consequences of photonic band gaps are the complete control over spontaneous and stimulated emission of light, as well as over the propagation of light, in particular photon localization. This opens up the possibility to achieve a "cage for light": trap photons and do with them whatever one chooses. In this talk we will also review means for making such structures, and recent experimental advances in optical experiments.
Non-Hermitian quantum mechanics has emerged as a powerful framework for describing open quantum systems, particularly in optical platforms where engineered gain and loss can lead to exotic phenomena. This paper theoretically investigates the synthesis of non-Hermitian quantum light within driven photonic crystals. We propose a methodology that leverages the unique dispersion engineering capabilities of photonic crystals, coupled with controlled introduction of gain and loss elements and strong classical driving fields. Our approach aims to generate novel quantum light states characterized by non-Hermitian properties, such as modified photon statistics, entanglement, and the manifestation of exceptional points in quantum correlations. The paper outlines the theoretical foundations, reviews relevant prior work in non-Hermitian optics and quantum light generation in photonic structures, and details a specific methodology involving coupled resonator systems and nonlinear optical processes. We predict that such driven non-Hermitian photonic crystals can offer unprecedented control over quantum light properties, enabling the generation of squeezed states with enhanced sensitivity, robust entangled photon pairs, and potentially new regimes for quantum metrology and information processing. The discussion addresses the implications of these findings for fundamental quantum optics and their potential experimental realizations, highlighting the challenges and promising avenues for future research.
We demonstrate the existence of self-consistent Bloch modes in resonant nonlinear photonic crystals with a complex, intensity-dependent, and frequency-dependent dielectric function. Such a dielectric response may arise by "doping" the photonic crystal with resonant quantum dots, atomic impurities, or other two-level light emitters. These exact solutions of the nonlinear electromagnetic wave equation exhibit Bloch periodicity and describe fundamental eigenmodes of an active photonic crystal under incoherent pumping. In a simple model two-dimensional photonic crystal, doped with active two-level atoms, the optical field intensity of these waves shows a laserlike threshold behavior with pumping. This appears to be a universal property of active, nonlinear photonic crystals and photonic band gap materials, arising from multidirectional distributed feedback. We describe an iterative technique for computing the detailed properties of these exact, self-consistent nonlinear waves in strongly scattering photonic crystal architectures with regions of gain and loss.
An exciting frontier in quantum information science is the integration of otherwise "simple" quantum elements into complex quantum networks. The laboratory realization of even small quantum networks enables the exploration of physical systems that have not heretofore existed in the natural world. Within this context, there is active research to achieve nanoscale quantum optical circuits, for which atoms are trapped near nano-scopic dielectric structures and "wired" together by photons propagating through the circuit elements. Single atoms and atomic ensembles endow quantum functionality for otherwise linear optical circuits and thereby enable the capability of building quantum networks component by component. Toward these goals, we have experimentally investigated three different systems, from conventional to rather exotic systems : free-space atomic ensembles, optical nano fibers, and photonics crystal waveguides. First, we demonstrate measurement-induced quadripartite entanglement among four quantum memories. Next, following the landmark realization of a nanofiber trap, we demonstrate the implementation of a state-insensitive, compensated nanofiber trap. Finally, we reach more exotic systems based on photonics crystal devices. Beyond conventional topologies of resonators and waveguides, new opportunities emerge from the powerful capabilities of dispersion and modal engineering in photonic crystal waveguides. We have implemented an integrated optical circuit with a photonics crystal waveguide capable of both trapping and interfacing atoms with guided photons, and have observed the collective effect, superradiance, mediated by the guided photons. These advances provide an important capability for engineered light-matter interactions, enabling explorations of novel quantum transport and quantum many-body phenomena.