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IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications

On Quantization for Masked Beamforming Secrecy Systems

Chia-Hua Lin, Shang-Ho Lawrence Tsai, Yuan-Pei Lin

Published Jun 2, 2015• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This study investigates how to quantize the masked beamforming systems to maximize the secrecy rate for MISOSE (multiple-input, single-output, single-eavesdropper) channels and assume that this eavesdropper equipped with only single antenna, where only partial channel state information (CSI) at the legitimate receiver is available to the transmitter. In this case, the artificial noise (AN) leaks to the legitimate receiver due to CSI quantization. In the literature, all quantization bits are used to quantize the beamforming vector. Then the null space of this quantized beamforming vector is used to transmit the AN. We find that such quantization schemes can result in serious interference at the legitimate receiver. To overcome this issue, we propose that the beamforming vector and the AN vector should be quantized separately, where the beamforming vector should be selected from a codebook to maximize the beamforming gain and the AN vector should be selected from another codebook to minimize the leakage (or interference). Theoretical results show that separate quantization can significantly reduce the AN leakage at the legitimate receiver. Furthermore, based on the proposed quantization scheme, we show how to allocate bits to separately quantize the beamforming vector and the AN vector to maximize the secrecy rate. By using the proposed quantization and bit allocation schemes, the secrecy rates of masked beamforming systems can be improved compared to the conventional quantization schemes. Simulation results corroborate the theoretical results.

DOI
10.1109/twc.2015.2440352

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This study investigates how to quantize the masked beamforming systems to maximize the secrecy rate for MISOSE (multiple-input, single-output, single-eavesdropper) channels and assume that this eavesdropper equipped with only single antenna, where only partial channel state information (CSI) at the legitimate receiver is available to the transmitter. In this case, the artificial noise (AN) leaks to the legitimate receiver due to CSI quantization. In the literature, all quantization bits are used to quantize the beamforming vector. Then the null space of this quantized beamforming vector is used to transmit the AN. We find that such quantization schemes can result in serious interference at the legitimate receiver. To overcome this issue, we propose that the beamforming vector and the AN vector should be quantized separately, where the beamforming vector should be selected from a codebook to maximize the beamforming gain and the AN vector should be selected from another codebook to minimize the leakage (or interference). Theoretical results show that separate quantization can significantly reduce the AN leakage at the legitimate receiver. Furthermore, based on the proposed quantization scheme, we show how to allocate bits to separately quantize the beamforming vector and the AN vector to maximize the secrecy rate. By using the proposed quantization and bit allocation schemes, the secrecy rates of masked beamforming systems can be improved compared to the conventional quantization schemes. Simulation results corroborate the theoretical results.
This paper considers the secure communication via combining the artificial noise with the masked beamforming scheme. In this scenario, the transmitter is equipped with multi-antenna while each of the eavesdroppers is equipped with only one antenna, and the legitimate receiver has a receiving antenna and a transmitting antenna, respectively. The transmitter simultaneously transmits a beamformed secret information-bearing signal to a legitimate receiver and artificial noise (AN) to the eavesdroppers. The legitimate receiver sends the AN to confuse the eavesdropper while receiving the desired signal from the transmitter. We compare the proposed scheme that combining the AN with masked beamforming with no beamforming vector scheme, and derive that the combined strategy obviously improved the secrecy rate.
In this paper we consider the secure transmission with multiple-input, single-output, single-antenna eavesdropper (MISOSE) in fast fading channels where the transmitter knows perfect legitimate channel state information but only the statistics of the eavesdropper's channel. For the MISOSE channels, the artificial noise assisted beamforming proposed by Goel and Negi is a promising technique, where the artificial noise is imposed on the null space of the legitimate channel to disrupt the eavesdropper's reception. Here we propose a generalized artificial noise scheme which allows the injection of the artificial noise to the legitimate channel. Although the generalized artificial noise may cause the leakage of artificial noise at the legitimate receiver, the secrecy rate can still be improved since the covariance matrix of it is more flexible than the heuristic one selected by Goel and Negi. To fully characterize the proposed scheme, we investigate the optimization of its secrecy rate. We first derive the conditions under which the beamformers of the message bearing signal and the generalized artificial noise being the same is optimal. Based on this choice, the complicated secrecy rate optimization problem over the covariance matrices of the message-bearing signal and the generalized artificial noise can be reduced to a much simpler power allocation problem. We also develop an efficient algorithm to solve this non-convex power allocation problem. Numerical results show that our generalized artificial noise scheme outperforms Goel and Negi's heuristic selection, especially in the near eavesdropper settings. In particular, with the aid of the proposed scheme, the regime with non-zero secrecy rate is enlarged, which can significantly improve the connectivity of the network.
In this paper, we consider the secure transmission in ergodic fast fading multiple-input single-output single-antenna-eavesdropper (MISOSE) wiretap channels with only the statistics of eavesdropper's channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT). Two kinds of the legitimate CSIT are assumed, that is, full and statistical legitimate CSIT. With full legitimate CSIT, we generalize and optimize the previously proposed artificial noise (AN) aided secure beamforming to improve its secrecy rate performance. The AN covariance matrix in our scheme is more flexible than previous scheme and the region of non-zero secrecy rate is enlarged significantly according to our simulations. For the case with statistical legitimate CSIT, we further prove that the secure beamforming is secrecy capacity achieving for the Rayleigh faded channels. In this case, the AN is not necessary. Extensions to cases where legitimate receiver and eavesdropper have multiple antennas will also be discussed.
This paper studies masked beamforming schemes for secure communication in broadcast multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with a passive multiple-antenna eavesdropper. Assuming no information about the eavesdropper is available at the transmitter, we aim to maximize the transmit power of the artificial noise while meeting mean square error (MSE) constraints at the legitimate receivers and the total power constraint at the transmitter. Based on imperfect channel state information (CSI) of the legitimate receivers at the transmitter, we present a worst-case robust masked beamforming algorithm. By exploiting alternating iterative optimization, the proposed algorithm recasts the non-convex optimization problem as two semidefinite program (SDP) based subproblems, which are solvable with interior-point methods. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the secrecy performance of the proposed algorithm.
Within this thesis, we investigate the possibilities of physical layer secrecy for two special system models. In detail, we study beamforming and protection strategies in the Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) Gaussian Wiretap Channel (WTC) and the Gaussian two-hop relay WTC with multiple antennas at transmitter and receiver. In both system models, we examine the influence of partial Channel State Information (CSI) on the link to the eavesdropper and compare the achievable secrecy rates with the case of full CSI. We show for the MISO WTC that in the fast fading scenario the Beamforming Vector (BV) can be optimized such that the ergodic secrecy rate is maximized with regard to the degree of channel knowledge. Further we show that the ergodic secrecy rate can be significantly increased by usage of Artificial Noise (AN), if applied in a smart way. This means that the degree of channel knowledge on the link to the eavesdropper influences the portion of power that is spent for AN at the transmitter as well as the direction, in which the AN signal is sent. In addition, we apply the same beamforming and protection strategies to the slow fading scenario and find that these techniques also reduce the secrecy outage probability. For the two-hop relay WTC, we introduce Information Leakage Neutralization (IN) as a new protection strategy. If applied to a system model, where the transmitter has full CSI, the instantaneous secrecy rate performs almost as well as the instantaneous capacity of the peaceful system without an eavesdropper. The IN protected scheme outperforms the AN protected approach and performs much better than any beamforming scheme without additional protection mechanism. Another positive aspect of the IN protected scheme in the case of full CSI is that conventional channel codes can be applied instead of wiretap codes. For the case of partial CSI, where the transmitter has only an outdated estimate on the channel between relay and the eavesdropper, we show that the IN protected scheme can also be applied. Here, it strongly depends on the channel realizations and the delay of the estimate, whether the IN or the AN protection scheme should be applied.
This paper studies the beamforming design of a multiple-input single-output system with eavesdropping, when a quantized channel feedback is available. We consider two basic cases a) the beamforming vector belongs to the quantization codebook and b) the beamforming design is not limited to the quantization codebook. For the first case, we design two beamforming schemes that incorporate a feedback channel from the eavesdropper, which provides the direction of its physical channel or the direction of its null-space. For the case where the codebook constraint is relaxed, we design an optimal beamformer that requires feedback from both receivers as well as a scheme that transmits towards the quantized null-space of the eavesdropper's channel. The ergodic secrecy rate is derived in closed-form and we show that all schemes suffer from a secrecy rate floor for a constant-size feedback. Simplified asymptotic expressions are proposed and the scaling laws of the feedback, which ensure constant secrecy losses, are provided.