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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Blockade and antiblockade of Rydberg excitations in ultracold gases

Cenap Ates, Thomas Pohl, Thomas Pattard, Jan Michael Rost

Published May 18, 2006• 0 citations
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The laser excitation of Rydberg atoms in ultracold gases is often described assuming that the atomic motion is frozen during the excitation time. We show that this frozen gas approximation can break down for atoms that are held in optical lattices or microtraps. In particular, we show that the excitation dynamics is in general strongly affected by mechanical forces among the Rydberg atoms as well as the spread of the atomic wave packet in the confining potential. This causes decoherence in the excitation dynamics-resulting in a dissipative blockade effect-that renders the Rydberg excitation inefficient even in the antiblockade regime. For a strongly off-resonant laser excitation-usually considered in the context of Rydberg dressing-these motional effects compromise the applicability of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. In particular, our results indicate that they can also lead to decoherence in the dressing regime.

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The laser excitation of Rydberg atoms in ultracold gases is often described assuming that the atomic motion is frozen during the excitation time. We show that this frozen gas approximation can break down for atoms that are held in optical lattices or microtraps. In particular, we show that the excitation dynamics is in general strongly affected by mechanical forces among the Rydberg atoms as well as the spread of the atomic wave packet in the confining potential. This causes decoherence in the excitation dynamics-resulting in a dissipative blockade effect-that renders the Rydberg excitation inefficient even in the antiblockade regime. For a strongly off-resonant laser excitation-usually considered in the context of Rydberg dressing-these motional effects compromise the applicability of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. In particular, our results indicate that they can also lead to decoherence in the dressing regime.
We develop a theoretical approach for the dynamics of Rydberg excitations in ultracold gases,with a realistically large number of atoms. We rely on the reduction of the single-atom Bloch equations to rate equations, which is possible under various experimentally relevant conditions. Here, we explicitly refer to a two-step excitation scheme. We discuss the conditions under which our approach is valid by comparing the results with the solution of the exact quantum master equation for two interacting atoms. Concerning the emergence of an excitation blockade in a Rydberg gas, our results are in qualitative agreement with experiment. Possible sources of quantitative discrepancy are carefully examined. Based on the two-step excitation scheme, we predict the occurrence of an antiblockade effect and propose possible ways to detect this excitation enhancement experimentally in an optical lattice, as well as in the gas phase.
Unlike the Rydberg blockade regime, the Rydberg antiblockade regime (RABR) allows more than one Rydberg atom to be excited, which can bring other interesting phenomena and applications. We propose an alternative scheme to quickly achieve the RABR. The proposed RABR can be implemented by adjusting the detuning of the classical driving field, which is, in turn, based on the former numbers of the excited Rydberg atoms. In contrast to the former schemes, the current one enables more than two atoms to be excited to Rydberg states in a short period of time and thus is useful for large-scale quantum information processing. The proposed RABR can be used to construct two- and multiqubit quantum logic gates. In addition, a Rydberg excitation superatom, which can decrease the blockade error and enlarge the blockade radius for Rydberg blockade-based schemes, is constructed based on the suggested RABR and used to realize a more robust quantum logic gate. The mechanical effect and the ionization are discussed, and the performance is investigated using the master-equation method. Finally, other possible applications of the present RABR are also given.