Quantum communication channels between earth and space and space to earth
Andrea Tomaello
The work presented in this thesis, on the topics of global quantum network, is the result of a set of research activities done at the CNR-IFN Luxor laboratory over these three years. The main goal that we would reach is the feasibility demonstration of quantum communication in free-space, without excluding from the definition "free space" any possible scenario. This is the way that in the future may lead to a global quantum network all over the world, that involves satellites and earth station. We may identify three major link families, that should help the reader to classify the research activities presented: • Satellite to Earth and Earth to satellite link - called in the thesis Vertical link • Point to point horizontal link - called in the thesis Horizontal link • Satellite to satellite link - called in the thesis Intersatellite link In a certain way we tried to deal with all of them trough analysis and simulation or experimental campaigns. The core topics of this works however are those related to the experimental campaigns, respectively: • Laser beam propagation in a free-space horizontal link: we established an optical link of 144km between Canary islands in order to improve the knowledge on horizontal laser propagation over atmosphere and to define the setup requirements and the most suitable condition to get an effective quantum link. This work is presented in Chapter 3. • Polarization maintenance over a space quantum link: we designed, realized and installed a polarimeter to reconstruct the polarization state of photons in a space optical link in the MLRO. Our quantum information, in fact, is codified in the polarization state of photons. To pave the way for future developments and implementations (i.e. quantum transmitter and receiver hosted in satellites) we must as first prove the maintenance or the retreadability of the polarization state. The yet existing laser ranging facilities are examples of optical links between Earth and space that can be exploited for polarization analysis and reconstruction providing them with a polarimeter. This work is presented in Chapter 6. The thesis is arranged as follows: a first chapter introduce the atmospheric model and the most common quantities used in this field to describe the effects of turbulence. Follows an analysis and simulation chapter (Ch.2) on space to Earth and Earth to space quantum links. The treatment proceed with the experimental results of the Canary campaign (Ch.3) on horizontal quantum link. Chapters 4 and 5 are related on the polarimetry topic: starting from formalisms and definitions, are presented the simulations that have lead to the requirements for polarimeter design. In the second-last (Ch.6) is described the polarimeter in all its subsystems, calibration and first test results. Chapter 7, the last one, regards on intersatellite quantum link: the treatment is purely focused on model definition and feasibility analysis. A detailed abstract of the main chapters is reported below: • Chapter 2 - Vertical Link - (Analysis and numerical simulation chapter): As mentioned in the introduction: on a global space quantum network we have to deal with satellite to earth and earth to satellite links. To investigate the feasibility of quantum communication over these long distance in a space scale we have to understand the behaviour of a laser beam propagating into a turbulent media. As introduced in chapter [1], the atmospheric turbulence is a source of beam wandering and beam spreading respectively due to small or large eddies if compared with the beam size. These different effects are appreciable considering the exposure time: for short time, the beam appears spread but more over, wandering from the ideal centroid positions; instead for long time scale the wandering effects integrated over time, gives rise to a dominant beam broadening. The beam preserves its Gaussian profile, but more larger in size. A beam affected at the start of its path by the degradation induced by atmosphere will arrive at the receiver plane far away from the unperturbed expected position. On the same way, a beam affected at the end of its path will be barely modified. The results obtained show that the effect of beam wandering is strongly different for the uplink and downlink, up to about two orders of magnitude. A few ten thousand meters of beam radius are reached in a very long distance (like GEO satellite) in the uplink, while a beam radius on the order of few hundred meters is calculated in the case of downlink. From simulation of the beam displacement , appears that it is clearly negligible for downlink in which the main input affecting the beam is the broadening due to turbulence eddies, therefore related to short term beam effects. Instead for the uplink the beam displacement appears monotonically increasing with the distance, due to the atmosphere at the beginning of the path. For a downlink a greater portion of sky compared to uplink falls in the "good SNR cone", allowing a longer time-slot for quantum communication. The SNR is closed to 0.7dB at zenith for Galileo satellites; the situation is most promising for GPS satellites in which the SNR is around 2.2dB. In both cases the values, de facto prove the unfeasibility of quantum communication with the simulated setup, but gives good wishes related to further technological improvements. The actual feasibility of QKD is related to link distances in the range of LEO orbits, a good SNR can be achieved without stretching the telescope field-of-view to the technological limit. Small improvements on IFOV can shift the link distance feasibility limit toward higher orbits, allowing quantum communication even with GPS and Galileo satellites. • Chapter 3 - Free-space long distance horizontal optical link - (Canary experimental results): In the perspective of the extension of Quantum Communication (QC) in free-space to long distances, the analysis of the phenomena that occur to a visible or near-infrared beam in the propagation in atmosphere and their understanding is of crucial importance for devising the most convenient optical terminal. The investigation on the ground-ground case is used also to envisage the space QC, along with a vast area of research in satellite Classical Communications [58]. More in details, optical propagation in atmosphere in the case of links length of over 100km is affected by several transformations of the beam parameters, resulting in an increase of the link losses. Moreover, the long range optical communication at the single photon limit exploiting the quantum protocols, on the other side, differs from the classical protocols in that the signal to be transmitted cannot be intensified, being a train of very weak pulses with an average about one photon per pulse. The understanding of the effects induced by the propagation in both the irradiance at the receiver as well as in the temporal statistics is crucial to assess the quality of the communication and eventually the feasibility of the link. Moreover, for the very long links, fading and losses are induced by the decoupling of the beam with the receiver due to large wandering of the beam spot, as it was also investigated for the space channel [86]. In this perspective of free-space long range single-photon quantum link, we planned a set of experimental campaigns to study the propagation of a single or twin optical beams in scale length of several tens to a few hundreds kilometres. We address in this work the study of the phenomena induced in very long propagation by using of laser beams to investigate links whose length is of several tens to a few hundreds kilometers. In the experiments, the observation of the whole beam combined to the measure of the local irradiance at the receiver side are performed and then projected to the case of single photons links. In addition, with the aim to stabilize the centroid position at the receiver, the propagation of two beams forming a small mutual angle is studied in the framework of the isoplanatic angle spread for low and high orders of the beam spatial modes. The experimental models were realized in Alpine links as well as between the Tenerife and La Palma link in the Canary archipelagos. The whole beam at the receiver was acquired and the scintillation analysis carried out and compared to models including the meteorological data from the Canary Observatories. The design of the optical setup for long range quantum communications is crucial, and we addressed this issue by developing an optimized telescope for the experiments. The literature on horizontal propagation is quite poor mainly because for decades of years the interest was focused on vertical propagation -for astronomical purposes-. As first we needed to understand the effects of atmospheric turbulence in beam propagation: like wandering, spreading and scintillation. This led us, as last step, to identify the best design parameters for transmitters and receiver and for communication protocol. With the gained data we want to define a model or a set of criteria to be considered in designing an optical quantum link and to predict the link losses for a realistic receiver and, possibly to envisage the exploitation of the time-varying losses for the selection of the portion with the highest signal-to-noise ratio [77]. The observation of the propagation of a single or a pair of beams along very long paths of over 100km have shown that the beam is subjected to splitting into multiple spots but that its long-term diameter may be confined to a spot that is only a factor 3 to 5 the diffraction limit. This results have been obtained by using a suitable large aperture aplanatic refractive transmitter. In this way a significant reduction of the link losses for quantum communication channels in this extreme conditions are possible by the implementation of such scheme. This setup was used in both the OGS (Tenerife)-to-JKT (La Palma) propagation and the
•Jan 27, 2012•0 citations