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Springer eBooks

Towards a quantum evolutionary scheme: Violating Bell’s inequalities in language

Diederik Aerts, Marek Czachor, Bart D’Hooghe

Published Jan 1, 2006• 20 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/1-4020-3395-8_20

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We analyse the results of three information retrieval tests on conceptual combinations that we have recently performed using corpora of Italian language. Each test has the form of a ‘Bell-type test’ and was aimed at identifying ‘quantum entanglement’ in the combination, or composition, of two concepts. In the first two tests, we studied the Italian translation of the combination The Animal Acts, while in the third test, we studied the Italian translation of the combination The Animal eats the Food. We found a significant violation of Bell’s inequalities in all tests. Empirical patterns confirm the results obtained with corpora of English language, which indicates the existence of deep structures in concept formation that are language independent. The systematic violation of Bell’s inequalities suggests the presence of entanglement, and indeed, we elaborate here a ‘quantum model in Hilbert space’ for the collected data. This investigation supports our theoretical hypothesis about entanglement as a phenomenon of ‘contextual updating’, independent of the nature, micro-physical or conceptual-linguistic, of the entities involved. Finally, these findings allow us to further clarify the mutual relationships between entanglement, Cirel’son’s bound, and no-signalling in Bell-type situations.

arXiv:2505.02038•Entropy•Jun 20, 2025•1 citation
Bell's inequality itself is usually considered to belong to mathematics and not quantum mechanics.We think that this is making our understanding of Bell' theory be confused.Thus in this paper, contrary to Bell's spirit (which inherits Einstein's spirit), we try to discuss Bell's inequality in the framework of quantum theory with the linguistic Copenhagen interpretation.And we clarify that the violation of Bell's inequality (i.e., whether or not Bell's inequality holds) does not depend on whether classical systems or quantum systems, but depend on whether a combined measurement exists or not.And further we conclude that our argument (based on the linguistic Copenhagen interpretation) should be regarded as a scientific representation of Bell's philosophical argument (based on Einstein's spirit).
We analyse the results of three information retrieval tests on conceptual combinations that we have recently performed using corpora of Italian language. Each test has the form of a ‘Bell-type test’ and was aimed at identifying ‘quantum entanglement’ in the combination, or composition, of two concepts. In the first two tests, we studied the Italian translation of the combination The Animal Acts, while in the third test, we studied the Italian translation of the combination The Animal eats the Food. We found a significant violation of Bell’s inequalities in all tests. Empirical patterns confirm the results obtained with corpora of English language, which indicates the existence of deep structures in concept formation that are language independent. The systematic violation of Bell’s inequalities suggests the presence of entanglement, and indeed, we elaborate here a ‘quantum model in Hilbert space’ for the collected data. This investigation supports our theoretical hypothesis about entanglement as a phenomenon of ‘contextual updating’, independent of the nature, micro-physical or conceptual-linguistic, of the entities involved. Finally, these findings allow us to further clarify the mutual relationships between entanglement, Cirel’son’s bound, and no-signalling in Bell-type situations.