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Two Photon Resonant Picosecond Pulse Propagation in Lithium Vapor

Anadi Mukherjee

Published Aug 1, 1987• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The work of this dissertation has been to prove that the coherence of multiphoton excitation can be studied by an appropriately phased and time delayed sequence of pulses. An application of this fundamental study of coherence has been made for the enhancement of third harmonic generation. The coherent recovery of the energy lost to the two photon absorption process enalled a larger propagation distance for the fundamental than in an interaction which is incoherent or coherent, but not using a 90 degree phase shifted pulse pair. Phase matching over this longer propagation distance gave an enhancement of third harmonic generation.

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Physica Scripta•Jan 1, 1988•1 citation
The work of this dissertation has been to prove that the coherence of multiphoton excitation can be studied by an appropriately phased and time delayed sequence of pulses. An application of this fundamental study of coherence has been made for the enhancement of third harmonic generation. The coherent recovery of the energy lost to the two photon absorption process enalled a larger propagation distance for the fundamental than in an interaction which is incoherent or coherent, but not using a 90 degree phase shifted pulse pair. Phase matching over this longer propagation distance gave an enhancement of third harmonic generation.
This work examines the use of higher order multiphoton resonances in higher harmonic generation together with judicious exploitation of coherent interaction properties to achieve efficient harmonic generation. A detailed experimental study on third harmonic generation in two photon resonant coherent interaction and a theoretical study on four photon resonant coherent interaction have been conducted. Two photon resonant coheren propagation in lithium vapor (2S-4S and 2S-3D interaction) has been studied in detail as a function of phase and delay of the interacting pulse sequence. Under coherent lossless propagation of 90 phase shifted pulse pair, third harmonic generation is enhanced. A maximum energy conversion efficiency of 1% was measured experimentally. This experiment shows that phase correlated pulse sequence can be used to control multiphoton coherent resonant effects. A larger two photon resonant enhancement does not result in more efficient harmonic generation, in agreement with the theoretical prediction. An accurate (to at least 0.5 A°) measurement of intensity dependent Stark shift has been done with the newly developed "interferometric wavemeter." Stark shifts as big as several pulse bandwidths (of picosecond pulses) result in a poor tuning of multiphoton resonance and become a limiting factor of resonant harmonic generation. A complete theory has been developed for harmonic generation in a four photon resonant coherent interaction. A numerical application of the theory to the Hg atom successfully interprets the experimental observations in terms of the phase dependent stimulated Raman scattering. With the intensity required for four photon resonant transition, the calculation predicts a dramatic Stark shift effect which completely destroys the resonance condition. This model provides a basis for the development of future schemes for efficient higher order coherent upconversion.
As a succession of two pulses propagates through a medium which exhibits a resonance (single or multiphoton), the resonant parts of the susceptibility will depend on the relative phase of the two pulses, provided the delay between the pulses is shorter than the phase relaxation time of the interaction. As a result of this "coherent interaction", the reradiation of the sample (the fluorescence, the absorption and the generation of harmonics) will be a periodic function of the phase difference and delay between the two pulses of the sequence 1. The study of these coherent effects is important, because one expect to find conditions under which the maximum harmonic conversion to much shorter wavelengths can be greatly enhanced 2. The presence of the multiphoton resonance enhances the nonlinear susceptibility responsible for the harmonic generation, but reduces also the maximum achievable conversion efficiency because of resonant losses (depletion of the fundamental by multiphoton absorption). The latter effect can be eliminated by a judicious choice of the pulse sequencing and phasing. In addition to demonstrating, for the first time, coherent interaction enhancement in harmonic generation, the data of third harmonic versus relative phase of the pulse sequences enable us to measure the phase angle of the third order susceptibility (hence the contribution of the continuum relative to that of the resonance).
The effect of temporal coherent control on the two-photon-resonant third-harmonic generation and multiphoton ionization into the continuum states of an atomic system is experimentally and theoretically investigated by means of a pair of partially incoherent, identical laser pulses. The evidence of quantum interference as a function of the delay between the pulses is reported. The transition from the resonant to the nonresonant case is also shown. The obtained results agree with the prediction of a theoretical model showing that the onset of quantum interference appears to be related to the coherence time of the laser radiation, which is much shorter than the pulse duration.
The authors present a detailed theoretical analysis of two-photon resonant third- and fifth-harmonic generation in metal vapors with picosecond laser pulses. These processes are described by self-consistent Maxwell-Bloch equations which take into account the effects of optical Stark shifts, multiphoton ionization, Doppler broadening, two-photon absorption, the reaction of the third-harmonic field on the fundamental, and a nonlinear index of refraction. As an example, a quantitative analysis of third- and fifth-harmonic generation in lithium vapor ($2s\ensuremath{-}4s$ transition) is presented. The limitations on energy conversion efficiency and the temporal as well as spectral characteristics of the harmonic pulses are investigated for two kinds of low-loss propagation fundamental pulses. It is shown that 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} phase-shifted fundamental pulses (zero area) are more efficient than $2\ensuremath{\pi}m$ pulses. Energy conversion efficiencies of 6.5% for third-harmonic (190 nm) and 0.07% for cascade fifth-harmonic (114 nm) pulses are predicted.
Multiphoton coherent interaction effects are investigated in atoms and molecules. It is demonstrated theoretically as well as experimentally that, in the presence of a two photon resonance, maximum conversion efficiency can be achieved using energy preserving pulse sequences, in condition of coherent interaction. However, highest conversion efficiencies are obtained with weak two photon resonances. A study of four photon resonant coherent interaction in mercury points to a peculiar quenching of the interaction by the generated third harmonic. Four photon resonant coherent interaction is also investigated in molecules, where it is shown that an input signal can be found that results in selective excitation of the upper levels.