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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Detection limit for polarimetric measurements with entangled two-photon states: analysys on the quantum Stokes parameters

K. Muroo, K. Hiroshi, Y. Takubo

Published Jan 1, 2005• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/iqec.2005.1561081

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Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Aug 31, 2007•1 citation
We show that the quantum Stokes parameters aptly describe the nonclassical two-polarization-mode Fock states and the transformation of their polarization states. In this description, the two-polarization-mode Fock states are the simultaneous eigenstates of the first and second Stokes parameters. Transformations of the polarization states, which are caused, for example, by optically active media, are described by the rotations in the Stokes vector space, which are given by unitary operators generated from the Hermitian Stokes parameters. The SU(2) symmetry of the Stokes parameters provides two independent degrees of freedom of polarimetric measurements that can exceed the standard quantum limit.
Measuring the states of polarization (SoP) of light is fundamentally important for applications ranging from communication, sensing, spectroscopy, imaging, to navigation. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are ideal detectors of choice for faint-light detection and measurements, but SNSPDs themselves cannot resolve the SoP of photons. Here, based on a fractal SNSPD, we demonstrate a full-Stokes polarimetric measurement system that can measure arbitrary SoP of faint light. The measured SoPs are in excellent agreement with those of a state-of-the-art commercial polarimeter, but the sensitivity of our system reaches − 86.6 d B m , which is 26.6 dB better than that of the commercial counterpart. As a direct application, we further demonstrate remote polarimetric imaging (i.e., polarimetric LiDAR) with a complete set of polarimetric contrast.
We show that appropriate nonclassical photon states can attain Heisenberg-limited sensitivity in polarimetric measurements, in which the squared amplitudes of the photon states are measured. These photon states, which can be constructed from the two-mode Fock states, are found as the eigenstates of a Hermitian operator, which is closely related to the quantum Stokes operators. The algebraic property of the Hermitian operator governs the interferometric behavior in polarimetric interactions and provides the frequency of the interferometric fringes scaled by the total number of photons of the state. Thus, the polarimetry is able to achieve Heisenberg-limited sensitivity.