Quantization as a Stability Problem

Irving E. Segal

Junsoo Kim, Moritz Schulze Darup, Henrik Sandberg +1 more

We consider a problem of implementing dynamic controllers over encrypted data for asymptotic stabilization of closed-loop systems. Though a time-varying quantizer is used and it can be infinitesimally fine with time, a major issue is that the underlying space for encrypted messages is unavoidably finite and the controller receives a limited amount of quantized data. To resolve this issue, the proposed method takes advantage of the state matrix consisting of integers, which enables the controller to generate only lower bits of the same output without computing the upper bits. Whenever a portion of the upper bits of output has converged, the computation scope can be moved further lower, receiving only lower bits of the measurement. The quantization is scheduled and the size of the message space is predetermined from the convergence rate, so that the feedback input is restored from the outcome of the lower bits, no matter how fine quantization is performed in the end. As a consequence, asymptotic stabilization can be achieved by encrypted operation, despite the limited controller capacity.

Andrea Carosso

Lawrence S. Schulman

The path integral was created to quantize systems whose dynamics are nonlocal in time and for which a Hamiltonian formulation could not be found. In this article we quantize a linear oscillator with an interaction that depends on the oscillator’s position at past and future times. The central issue is the classical boundary value problem for such an oscillator. Because two-time functional boundary conditions are used to implement the quantization, we take up related questions, such as causality in this context, and the general issue of stability for forward and inward data specifications.

Kimberlee Keithley, Kris T. Delaney, Glenn H. Fredrickson

The thermodynamic stability of quantized vortex patterns in rotating Bose-Einstein condensates is assessed at finite temperature using complex Langevin sampling. We construct a temperature-rotation frequency phase diagram and find that that vortices are stabilized at lower rotation speeds by the addition of quantum and thermal fluctuations. The coherent states field theoretic representation of the imaginary time path integral enables efficient simulation of large systems at finite temperature, and the complex Langevin simulation scheme bypasses the sign problems that arise from the complex-valued coherent states fields as well as the gauge potential describing solid body rotation. Field operators allow us to generate high-resolution images of particle and momentum density of the cloud. Quantized vortices appear as dark spots on density images, and vector plots of cloud momentum detail circulation around each vortex.

Erwin Schrödinger