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Journal of the Korean Physical Society

Analytic Calculation of Absorption spectra for Doppler Broadened Alkali-metal Atoms at Low Laser Intensity

Heung‐Ryoul Noh

Published Aug 12, 2010• 2 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.3938/jkps.57.325

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Using a three-level model and semiclassical density matrix formalism, we show that optical pumping influences both line positions and amplitudes in Doppler-broadened alkali-atom D1 and D2 spectra for intensities much lower than the two-level atom saturation intensity. The influence on the D2 spectrum is particularly interesting due to the presence of closed hyperfine transitions unaffected by optical pumping. This effect is of importance for example when lasers are frequency stabilized using linear absorption or when the alkali-atom vapour pressure is determined using absorption measurements.
Abstract High-contrast sub-Doppler resonances observed in alkali-metal atomic vapors in the field of counterpropagating bichromatic laser beams are perspective in quantum metrology for designing a miniature optical frequency standard. Until now, these nonlinear resonances have been investigated only experimentally or using numerical calculations. In our opinion, the development of a simplified theoretical model of the observed resonances, which would provide explicit compact analytic expressions describing the line shape of the resonance, would be extremely important for further evolution of the theory. In this study, we perform such theoretical analysis based on the three-level Λ scheme of the atom. We investigate two regimes, viz., the regime of a low-intensity standing wave with close intensities of counterpropagating beams (I1 ≈ I2) and the regime of a probe wave, in which one of the beams has a noticeably lower intensity than that of the oppositely propagating beam (I2 ≪ I1). The resulting analytic expressions make it possible to determine qualitative differences between these regimes and to separate explicitly the contributions from different nonlinear effects to the light field absorption, including the terms responsible for the formation of a high-contrast sub-Doppler peak. The expressions derived here are in qualitative agreement with experimental data obtained earlier.
Alkali metals have played an important role in optical and atomic physics from the very beginning. This thesis deals with three aspects and applications of alkali-metal atoms, in particular rubidium (Rb). Optical pumping changes both the amplitudes and the center positions of the absorption profiles in the Doppler-broadened D-line spectra of the alkali-metal atoms. This effect has been studied by reducing the multilevel system to an effective three-level system and by treating the finite interaction time and collisions with the vapor-cell walls in two different ways: as ground-state relaxation and by averaging the time-dependent absorption over the distribution of interaction times. The former is a computationally efficient way to compare theoretical spectra to experimental results, and the latter reveals lineshape details that are due to the coupling between the Doppler shift and the interaction times through the longitudinal velocity of the atoms. Using coherent population trapping (CPT) in 85Rb, an all-optical atomic clock has been realized. The good noise properties of the diode laser, an optimized buffer gas, and a very low light intensity allow detection of ultranarrow CPT resonances < 20 Hz, apparently the narrowest optically induced hyperfine CPT resonance ever measured. The Q value of this resonance, 1.5 × 108, is comparable to Q values in cesium clocks and the stability of the CPT clock is sufficient for many high-precision applications. Trapping of Rb atoms in microscopic magneto-optical traps (MOTs) a few hundred micrometers from the surface of an optically transparent ferrite-garnet permanent-magnet atom chip has been demonstrated. The required magnetic fields are created by magnetic patterns magneto-optically written into the ferrite-garnet film and the transparency of the chip allows using a conventional MOT geometry. The magnetic patterns can be erased and re-written in situ, even during the experiments. Magnetic traps with a trap depth up to 1 mK could be realized using this type of atom chip.