Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

AIP conference proceedings

Prequantum Classical Statistical Field Theory—PCSFT

Andrei Yu. Khrennikov, Guillaume Adenier, Andrei Yu. Khrennikov, PEKKA J. LAHTI, Vladimir I. Man’ko, Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen

Published Jan 1, 2007• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this short note we present (without to go into mathematical details) the main notions of Prequantum Classical Statistical Field Theory (PCSFT): theory of classical fields which fluctuations produce averages approximatively coinciding with averages given by the quantum formalism. Thus the conventional quantum mechanics can be considered as a probabilistic approximation of a more detailed classical field model. Experimental predictions of PCSFT are discussed

DOI
10.1063/1.2827293

Related papers

Quantum mechanics as an approximation of classical statistical mechanics

Andrei Yu. Khrennikov

We show that the probabilistic formalism of QM can be obtained as a special projection of classical statistical mechanics for systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. Such systems can be interpreted as classical fields. Thus in our approach QM is a projection of (prequantum) classical statistical field theory (PCSFT). This projection is based on the Taylor expansion of classical physical variables – maps f: Ω → R, where Ω is the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space. The space of classical statistical states consists of Gaussian measures on Ω having zero mean value and negligibly small dispersion. On one hand, the creation of such a prequantum model strongly supports attempts (first of all by Schrödinger and Einstein) to create purely field model of QM. On the other hand, it gives the possibility to go beyond QM. The main experimental prediction is that averages calculated in the mathematical formalism of QM (von Neumann’s trace formula) are only approximative averages. If predictions of PCSFT are correct then it would be possible to find deviations of experimental averages from quantum ones. 1

•Jun 3, 2005•0 citations

Quantum averages from Gaussian random fields at the Planck length scale

Andrei Yu. Khrennikov

We show that the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics can be interpreted as a method for approximation of classical (measure-theoretic) averages of functions f : L2(R3) → R. These are classical physical variables in our model with hidden variables - Prequantum Classical Statistical Field Theory (PCSFT). In this paper we provide a simple stochastic picture of such a quantum approximation procedure. In the probabilistic terms this is nothing else than the approximative method for computation of averages for functions of random variables. Since in PCSFT the space of hidden variables is L2(R3), the role of a classical random variable is played by a random field. In PCSFT we consider Gaussian random fields representing random fluctuations at the prequantum length scale. Quantum mechanical expression for the average (given by the von Neumann trace formula) is obtained through moving from the prequantum length scale to the quantum one (the scale at that we are able to perform measurements).

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Mar 3, 2008•0 citations

Prequantum classical statistical field theory: background field as a source of everything?

Andrei Yu. Khrennikov

Prequantum classical statistical field theory (PCSFT) is a new attempt to consider quantum mechanics (QM) as an emergent phenomenon, cf. with De Broglie's "double solution" approach, Bohmian mechanics, stochastic electrodynamics (SED), Nelson's stochastic QM and its generalization by Davidson, 't Hooft's models and their development by Elze. PCSFT is a comeback to a purely wave viewpoint on QM, cf. with early Schrodinger. There is no quantum particles at all, only waves. In particular, photons are simply wave-pulses of the classical electromagnetic field, cf. SED. Moreover, even massive particles are special "prequantum fields": the electron field, the neutron field, and so on. PCSFT claims that (sooner or later) people will be able to measure components of these fields: components of the "photonic field" (the classical electromagnetic field of low intensity), electronic field, neutronic field, and so on. At the moment we are able to produce quantum correlations as correlations of classical Gaussian random fields. In this paper we are interested in mathematical and physical reasons of usage of Gaussian fields. We consider prequantum signals (corresponding to quantum systems) as composed of a huge number of wave-pulses (on very fine prequantum time scale). We speculate that the prequantum background field (the field of "vacuum fluctuations") might play the role of a source of such pulses, i.e., the source of everything.

Journal of Physics Conference Series•Jul 8, 2011•7 citations

CLASSICAL SIGNAL MODEL FOR QUANTUM CHANNELS

Andrei Yu. Khrennikov, Masanori Ohya, Noboru Watanabe

Recently it was shown that the main distinguishing features of quantum mechanics (QM) can be reproduced by a model based on classical random fields, so called prequantum classical statistical field theory (PCSFT). This model provides a possibility to represent averages of quantum observables, including correlations of observables on subsystems of a composite system (e.g., entangled systems), as averages with respect to fluctuations of classical (Gaussian) random fields. In this note we consider some consequences of PCSFT for quantum information theory. They are based on the observation \cite{W} of two authors of this paper that classical Gaussian channels (important in classical signal theory) can be represented as quantum channels. Now we show that quantum channels can be represented as classical linear transformations of classical Gaussian signal

•Aug 14, 2016•28 citations

Prequantum Classical Statistical Field Theory (PCSFT)

Andrei Yu. Khrennikov

This chapter presents the basics of the mathematical formalism and methodologyof the prequantum classical statistical field theory (PCSFT). In theBild-conception framework, PCSFT gives an example of acausal theoretical model (CTM) beyond QM, considered as observationalmodel (OM). Generally CTM-OM correspondence is not as straightforwardas in Bell’s model with hidden variables. In PCSFT hidden variables are randomfields fluctuating at spatial and temporal scales which are essentiallyfiner than those approached by the present measurement technology. Thekey element of the PCSFT-QM correspondence is mapping of the complexcovariance operator of a subquantum random field to the density operator.For compound systems, the situation is more complicated. Here PCSFT providestwo descriptions of compound systems with random fields valued intensor vs. Cartesian product of the Hilbert spaces of subsystems. The lattermodel matches representation of compound systems in classical statisticalmechanics. Both approaches are used for measure-theoretic representationof the correlations violating the Bell inequalities.

Cambridge University Press eBooks•Nov 28, 2024•0 citations

Can fluctuations of classical random field produce quantum averages?

Andrei Yu. Khrennikov

Albert Einstein did not believe in completeness of QM. He dreamed of creation of prequantum classical statistical mechanics such that QM will be reproduced as its approximation. He also dreamed of total exclusion of corpuscules from the future model. Reality of Einstein's dream was pure fields' reality. Recently I made his dream come true in the form of so called prequantum classical statistical field theory (PCSFT). In this approach quantum systems are described by classical random fields, e.g., electromagnetic field (instead of photon), electron field or neutron field. In this paper we generalize PCSFT to composite quantum system. It is well known that in QM, unlike classical mechanics, the state of a composite system is described by the tensor product of state spaces for its subsystems. In PCSFT one can still use Cartesian product, but state spaces are spaces of classical fields (not particles). In particular, entanglement is nothing else than correlation of classical random fields, cf. again Einstein. Thus entanglement was finally demystified.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Aug 20, 2009•0 citations
In this short note we present (without to go into mathematical details) the main notions of Prequantum Classical Statistical Field Theory (PCSFT): theory of classical fields which fluctuations produce averages approximatively coinciding with averages given by the quantum formalism. Thus the conventional quantum mechanics can be considered as a probabilistic approximation of a more detailed classical field model. Experimental predictions of PCSFT are discussed
We show that the probabilistic formalism of QM can be obtained as a special projection of classical statistical mechanics for systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. Such systems can be interpreted as classical fields. Thus in our approach QM is a projection of (prequantum) classical statistical field theory (PCSFT). This projection is based on the Taylor expansion of classical physical variables – maps f: Ω → R, where Ω is the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space. The space of classical statistical states consists of Gaussian measures on Ω having zero mean value and negligibly small dispersion. On one hand, the creation of such a prequantum model strongly supports attempts (first of all by Schrödinger and Einstein) to create purely field model of QM. On the other hand, it gives the possibility to go beyond QM. The main experimental prediction is that averages calculated in the mathematical formalism of QM (von Neumann’s trace formula) are only approximative averages. If predictions of PCSFT are correct then it would be possible to find deviations of experimental averages from quantum ones. 1
We show that the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics can be interpreted as a method for approximation of classical (measure-theoretic) averages of functions f : L2(R3) → R. These are classical physical variables in our model with hidden variables - Prequantum Classical Statistical Field Theory (PCSFT). In this paper we provide a simple stochastic picture of such a quantum approximation procedure. In the probabilistic terms this is nothing else than the approximative method for computation of averages for functions of random variables. Since in PCSFT the space of hidden variables is L2(R3), the role of a classical random variable is played by a random field. In PCSFT we consider Gaussian random fields representing random fluctuations at the prequantum length scale. Quantum mechanical expression for the average (given by the von Neumann trace formula) is obtained through moving from the prequantum length scale to the quantum one (the scale at that we are able to perform measurements).
Prequantum classical statistical field theory (PCSFT) is a new attempt to consider quantum mechanics (QM) as an emergent phenomenon, cf. with De Broglie's "double solution" approach, Bohmian mechanics, stochastic electrodynamics (SED), Nelson's stochastic QM and its generalization by Davidson, 't Hooft's models and their development by Elze. PCSFT is a comeback to a purely wave viewpoint on QM, cf. with early Schrodinger. There is no quantum particles at all, only waves. In particular, photons are simply wave-pulses of the classical electromagnetic field, cf. SED. Moreover, even massive particles are special "prequantum fields": the electron field, the neutron field, and so on. PCSFT claims that (sooner or later) people will be able to measure components of these fields: components of the "photonic field" (the classical electromagnetic field of low intensity), electronic field, neutronic field, and so on. At the moment we are able to produce quantum correlations as correlations of classical Gaussian random fields. In this paper we are interested in mathematical and physical reasons of usage of Gaussian fields. We consider prequantum signals (corresponding to quantum systems) as composed of a huge number of wave-pulses (on very fine prequantum time scale). We speculate that the prequantum background field (the field of "vacuum fluctuations") might play the role of a source of such pulses, i.e., the source of everything.
Recently it was shown that the main distinguishing features of quantum mechanics (QM) can be reproduced by a model based on classical random fields, so called prequantum classical statistical field theory (PCSFT). This model provides a possibility to represent averages of quantum observables, including correlations of observables on subsystems of a composite system (e.g., entangled systems), as averages with respect to fluctuations of classical (Gaussian) random fields. In this note we consider some consequences of PCSFT for quantum information theory. They are based on the observation \cite{W} of two authors of this paper that classical Gaussian channels (important in classical signal theory) can be represented as quantum channels. Now we show that quantum channels can be represented as classical linear transformations of classical Gaussian signal
This chapter presents the basics of the mathematical formalism and methodologyof the prequantum classical statistical field theory (PCSFT). In theBild-conception framework, PCSFT gives an example of acausal theoretical model (CTM) beyond QM, considered as observationalmodel (OM). Generally CTM-OM correspondence is not as straightforwardas in Bell’s model with hidden variables. In PCSFT hidden variables are randomfields fluctuating at spatial and temporal scales which are essentiallyfiner than those approached by the present measurement technology. Thekey element of the PCSFT-QM correspondence is mapping of the complexcovariance operator of a subquantum random field to the density operator.For compound systems, the situation is more complicated. Here PCSFT providestwo descriptions of compound systems with random fields valued intensor vs. Cartesian product of the Hilbert spaces of subsystems. The lattermodel matches representation of compound systems in classical statisticalmechanics. Both approaches are used for measure-theoretic representationof the correlations violating the Bell inequalities.
Albert Einstein did not believe in completeness of QM. He dreamed of creation of prequantum classical statistical mechanics such that QM will be reproduced as its approximation. He also dreamed of total exclusion of corpuscules from the future model. Reality of Einstein's dream was pure fields' reality. Recently I made his dream come true in the form of so called prequantum classical statistical field theory (PCSFT). In this approach quantum systems are described by classical random fields, e.g., electromagnetic field (instead of photon), electron field or neutron field. In this paper we generalize PCSFT to composite quantum system. It is well known that in QM, unlike classical mechanics, the state of a composite system is described by the tensor product of state spaces for its subsystems. In PCSFT one can still use Cartesian product, but state spaces are spaces of classical fields (not particles). In particular, entanglement is nothing else than correlation of classical random fields, cf. again Einstein. Thus entanglement was finally demystified.