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Statistics of Fluorescent Photons Emitted Near a Phase Conjugator.

Henk F. Arnoldus, Thomas F. George, Chung‐In Um

Published Jan 1, 1992• 0 citations
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Abstract

Abstract : Temporal photon correlations and photon count statistics of fluorescence radiation, emitted by an atom in the vicinity of a phase conjugator, are considered. The fluorescent intensity and the two-photon correlation function are expressed in terms of photon emission operators. An explicit evaluation shows their dependence on the phase-conjugate reflectivity of the surface. The variance of the photon count distribution for long counting times is expressed in terms of the Q-factor, which is evaluated as a function of the reflectivity. It appears that for a reflectivity larger than unity, the photon correlation displays antibunching and the statistics is sub-poissonian.

Related papers

Conditions for sub-poissonian photon statistics in phase-conjugated resonance fluorescence

Henk F. Arnoldus, Thomas F. George

Abstract Photon correlations and statistics of phase-conjugated resonance fluorescence of a two-state atom are considered. The Q -factor, as a function of the incident laser power, the detuning, the laser linewidth and the phase-conjugate reflectivity, have been calculated. It is shown that for small and large reflectivity the statistics is predominantly sub-poissonian. For unit reflectivity the statistics appears to be exactly poissonian ( Q = 0) for all values of the optical parameters.

NASA STI/Recon Technical Report N•Sep 1, 1991•0 citations

Spectral and Temporal Distribution of Phase-conjugated Fluorescent Photons

Henk F. Arnoldus, Thomas F. George

Spontaneous emission of fluorescence radiation by an atom near the surface of a four-wave mixing phase conjugator is considered. It is shown that the spectral photon distribution consists of two Lorentzians, which have their peaks symmetrically located at the two sides of the pump frequency ¯ω of the nonlinear crystal. With ω0 the atomic resonance, the line at 2¯ω−ω0 is more than twice as strong as the line at ω0. When the phase-conjugate reflectivity exceeds unity, the temporal photon distribution exhibits nonclassical behaviour. Then, antibunching of photons prevails, and the photon statistics are sub-Poissonian.

Journal of Modern Optics•Aug 1, 1991•2 citations

Photon Statistics of Fluorescence Radiation

Henk F. Arnoldus, Gerard Nienhuis

We study the general properties of the photon statistics of fluorescence radiation, emitted by a two-level atom in a strong laser field and a perturber bath. We investigate the deviation of the factorial moments from a Poisson distribution, and we show that for long counting times the lowest-order correction can be expressed entirely by the quantity Q, which represents the deviation of the variance from the average. We introduce and evaluate the quantities gn(t), which serve as a measure for the deviation of the higher-order statistics from Poissonian statistics. Subsequently we obtain explicit expressions for the average waiting time for the appearance of the n th photon, after an arbitrary initialization of the counting process. It turns out that the average time delay is again determined by Q. Hence this parameter can be measured in a photon-counting experiment, which involves only the observation of a single photon, rather than an (in principle) infinite number of photons.

Optica Acta International Journal of Optics•Jun 1, 1986•15 citations

Correlations between photons in resonance fluorescence emitted by an atom near a metal surface. Technical report

Henk F. Arnoldus, Thomas F. George

The photon correlations of resonance fluorescence emitted by a degenerate two-level atom near a metal surface are studied. An intense non-monochromatic optical laser drives a low-lying atomic transition, and the emitted fluorescence is detected by a photon counter. An expression for the spontaneous decay operator is derived, and it appears that the various substates of the upper level have a different lifetime due to the presence of the surface, or equivalently, due to the loss of spherical symmetry. The temporal photon correlation function is then evaluated in terms of a photon-emission operator and the time evolution operator for the atomic density matrix. The general theory is exemplified with a detailed elaboration of the j/sub g/ = 0 yields j/sub e/ = 1 transition, for which the two-photon correlation is obtained explicitly as a function of the lifetime A(h), depending on the atom surface distance h, the laser linewidth, the detuning from resonance, and the dipole-coupling strength with the external field.

•Oct 1, 1987•0 citations

Correlations between photons in resonance fluorescence emitted by an atom near a metal surface

Henk F. Arnoldus, Thomas F. George

Abstract : The photon correlations of resonance fluorescence emitted by a degenerate two-level atom near a metal surface are studied. An intense non monochromatic optical laser drives a low lying atomic transition, and the emitted fluorescence is detected by a photon counter. An expression for the spontaneous decay operator is derived, and it appears that the various substates of the upper level have a different lifetime due to the presence of the surface, or equivalently, due to the loss of spherical symmetry. The temporal photon correlation function is then evaluated in terms of a photon-emission operator and the time evolution operator for the atomic density matrix. The general theory is exemplified with a detailed elaboration of the j sub g = 0 yields j sub e = 1 transition, for which the two-photon correlation is obtained explicitly as a function of the lifetime A(h), depending on the atom surface distance h, the laser linewidth, the detuning from resonance, and the dipole-coupling strength with the external field. Keywords: Photon correlations; Resonance fluorescence; Atom near metal surface; Loss of spherical symmetry; Substates; Different lifetimes.

•Oct 1, 1987•0 citations

Phase-conjugated fluorescence

Henk F. Arnoldus, Thomas F. George

Fluorescent emission by an atom near a phase conjugator (PC) based on four-wave mixing is studied from first principles. The Maxwell-Heisenberg equations are solved for the radiation field, and with an asymptotic expansion an expression is derived for the field in the far zone. The total emitted power that can be measured by a detector in this region is evaluated, and it is found that this power acquires three distinct contributions. First, there are photons that are emitted by the atom directly towards the detector, and without any interaction with the medium. Second, there are photons that first travel towards the surface of the PC, and they have a certain probability of being reflected in the specular direction and towards the detector. The third kind of radiation consists of phase-conjugated photons, which are emitted independently of the previous ones. It is shown that the first two processes are a result of simple atomic spontaneous decay, but that the emission of a phase-conjugated fluorescent photon involves a three-photon process. The latter process has a probability proportional to the population of the atomic ground state. It is pointed out that an atom in its ground state polarizes the nonlinear medium of the PC, which subsequently can emit spontaneously two photons. An absorption-emission-absorption process by the atom then produces a fluorescent photon, together with a spontaneous excitation of the atom.

Physical Review A•Apr 1, 1991•21 citations
Abstract : Temporal photon correlations and photon count statistics of fluorescence radiation, emitted by an atom in the vicinity of a phase conjugator, are considered. The fluorescent intensity and the two-photon correlation function are expressed in terms of photon emission operators. An explicit evaluation shows their dependence on the phase-conjugate reflectivity of the surface. The variance of the photon count distribution for long counting times is expressed in terms of the Q-factor, which is evaluated as a function of the reflectivity. It appears that for a reflectivity larger than unity, the photon correlation displays antibunching and the statistics is sub-poissonian.
Spontaneous emission of fluorescence radiation by an atom near the surface of a four-wave mixing phase conjugator is considered. It is shown that the spectral photon distribution consists of two Lorentzians, which have their peaks symmetrically located at the two sides of the pump frequency ¯ω of the nonlinear crystal. With ω0 the atomic resonance, the line at 2¯ω−ω0 is more than twice as strong as the line at ω0. When the phase-conjugate reflectivity exceeds unity, the temporal photon distribution exhibits nonclassical behaviour. Then, antibunching of photons prevails, and the photon statistics are sub-Poissonian.
We study the general properties of the photon statistics of fluorescence radiation, emitted by a two-level atom in a strong laser field and a perturber bath. We investigate the deviation of the factorial moments from a Poisson distribution, and we show that for long counting times the lowest-order correction can be expressed entirely by the quantity Q, which represents the deviation of the variance from the average. We introduce and evaluate the quantities gn(t), which serve as a measure for the deviation of the higher-order statistics from Poissonian statistics. Subsequently we obtain explicit expressions for the average waiting time for the appearance of the n th photon, after an arbitrary initialization of the counting process. It turns out that the average time delay is again determined by Q. Hence this parameter can be measured in a photon-counting experiment, which involves only the observation of a single photon, rather than an (in principle) infinite number of photons.
The photon correlations of resonance fluorescence emitted by a degenerate two-level atom near a metal surface are studied. An intense non-monochromatic optical laser drives a low-lying atomic transition, and the emitted fluorescence is detected by a photon counter. An expression for the spontaneous decay operator is derived, and it appears that the various substates of the upper level have a different lifetime due to the presence of the surface, or equivalently, due to the loss of spherical symmetry. The temporal photon correlation function is then evaluated in terms of a photon-emission operator and the time evolution operator for the atomic density matrix. The general theory is exemplified with a detailed elaboration of the j/sub g/ = 0 yields j/sub e/ = 1 transition, for which the two-photon correlation is obtained explicitly as a function of the lifetime A(h), depending on the atom surface distance h, the laser linewidth, the detuning from resonance, and the dipole-coupling strength with the external field.
Abstract : The photon correlations of resonance fluorescence emitted by a degenerate two-level atom near a metal surface are studied. An intense non monochromatic optical laser drives a low lying atomic transition, and the emitted fluorescence is detected by a photon counter. An expression for the spontaneous decay operator is derived, and it appears that the various substates of the upper level have a different lifetime due to the presence of the surface, or equivalently, due to the loss of spherical symmetry. The temporal photon correlation function is then evaluated in terms of a photon-emission operator and the time evolution operator for the atomic density matrix. The general theory is exemplified with a detailed elaboration of the j sub g = 0 yields j sub e = 1 transition, for which the two-photon correlation is obtained explicitly as a function of the lifetime A(h), depending on the atom surface distance h, the laser linewidth, the detuning from resonance, and the dipole-coupling strength with the external field. Keywords: Photon correlations; Resonance fluorescence; Atom near metal surface; Loss of spherical symmetry; Substates; Different lifetimes.
Fluorescent emission by an atom near a phase conjugator (PC) based on four-wave mixing is studied from first principles. The Maxwell-Heisenberg equations are solved for the radiation field, and with an asymptotic expansion an expression is derived for the field in the far zone. The total emitted power that can be measured by a detector in this region is evaluated, and it is found that this power acquires three distinct contributions. First, there are photons that are emitted by the atom directly towards the detector, and without any interaction with the medium. Second, there are photons that first travel towards the surface of the PC, and they have a certain probability of being reflected in the specular direction and towards the detector. The third kind of radiation consists of phase-conjugated photons, which are emitted independently of the previous ones. It is shown that the first two processes are a result of simple atomic spontaneous decay, but that the emission of a phase-conjugated fluorescent photon involves a three-photon process. The latter process has a probability proportional to the population of the atomic ground state. It is pointed out that an atom in its ground state polarizes the nonlinear medium of the PC, which subsequently can emit spontaneously two photons. An absorption-emission-absorption process by the atom then produces a fluorescent photon, together with a spontaneous excitation of the atom.