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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Interaction- and measurement-free quantum information processing with single-atom and/or single-photon qubits

Michael Moore, Yuping Huang

Published Jun 9, 2007• 0 citations
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Interaction- and Measurement-Free Quantum Zeno Gates for Single-Atom and Single-Photon Qubits

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Interaction- and measurement-free quantum Zeno gates for universal computation with single-atom and single-photon qubits

Y. P. Huang, M. G. Moore

By extending the concept of interaction-free imaging to the few-atom level, we show that asymptotically on-demand interaction- and measurement-free quantum logic gates can be realized for both single-atom and single-photon qubits. The interaction-free feature suppresses the possibility of qubit decoherence via atomic spontaneous decay, while the elimination of measurements can significantly reduce errors arising from detector inefficiency. We present a general theory of universal quantum Zeno gates, and discuss physical implementations for quantum-information processing with individual atoms and photons. In addition, we propose a loss-tolerant protocol for long-distance quantum communication using quantum Zeno gates incorporated into a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The efficiency of our Zeno gates is limited primarily by the imprecise control of atom-photon scattering and the finite number of feedback cycles $N$ due to the limited finesse of the optical ring cavity. We find that the success probability scales as $1\ensuremath{-}O(1/N)$, and for realistic parameters could be as high as 98.4%. Successful generation of atom-atom entanglement can be heralded by detection of the ancillary photon, upon which the fidelity scales as $1\ensuremath{-}O(1/{N}^{2})$, with an achievable fidelity of 99.994%, which comes at the cost of reducing the success probability by the detector efficiency.

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Recirculating Quantum Photonic Networks for Fast Deterministic Quantum Information Processing

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A fundamental challenge in photonics-based deterministic quantum information processing is to realize key transformations on time scales shorter than those of detrimental decoherence and loss mechanisms. This challenge has been addressed through device-focused approaches that aim to increase nonlinear interactions relative to decoherence rates. In this work, we adopt a complementary architecture-focused approach by proposing a recirculating quantum photonic network (RQPN) that minimizes the duration of quantum information processing tasks, thereby reducing the requirements on nonlinear interaction rates. The RQPN consists of a network of all-to-all connected nonlinear cavities with dynamically controlled waveguide couplings, and it processes information by capturing a photonic input state, recirculating photons between the cavities, and releasing a photonic output state. We demonstrate the RQPN's architectural advantage through two examples: first, we show that processing all qubits simultaneously yields faster operations than single- and two-qubit decompositions of the three-qubit Toffoli gate. Second, we demonstrate implementations of a measurement-free correction for single-photon loss, achieving up to seven-fold speedups and significantly improved hardware efficiency relative to state-of-the-art architecture proposals. Our work shows that a single hardware-efficient recirculating architecture substantially reduces the temporal overhead of multi-qubit gates and quantum error correction, thereby lowering the barrier to experimental realizations of deterministic photonic quantum information processing.

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Scalable quantum information processing with photons and atoms

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Atomic ensembles in quantum information processing

Pieter Kok, Brendon W. Lovett

In Chapter 7 we discussed the interaction between atoms and photons. We found that the coupling between a single atom and a single photon is rather weak, unless the atom and the photon are contained within a small cavity. The only way to significantly affect a free atom with light is to use a state of light with many photons, and in particular we showed how to use classical laser fields to prepare particular atomic states. However, there is another way of enhancing the interaction in a useful way. We can use many atoms rather than a single one. In this chapter, we will show that the interaction between a single photon and an ensemble of atoms can be greatly increased through the phenomenon of collective enhancement. We will show that this gives an atomic ensemble a relatively large susceptibility, and that multilevel atoms can be used to generate large optical nonlinearities. These offer the possibility of slowing, and even stopping, a beam of light; a phenomenon that goes hand in hand with electromagnetically induced transparency. We will discuss how a quantum state of light can be stored in and retrieved from an ensemble of atoms, and how the states of different atomic ensembles can be entangled with one another. We will show that collective states of atoms can even be used as a single qubit or several qubits, and finally, we will show that atomic ensembles can be use to mediate a photon–photon interaction.

Cambridge University Press eBooks•Apr 22, 2010•0 citations
By extending the concept of interaction-free imaging to the few-atom level, we show that asymptotically on-demand interaction- and measurement-free quantum logic gates can be realized for both single-atom and single-photon qubits. The interaction-free feature suppresses the possibility of qubit decoherence via atomic spontaneous decay, while the elimination of measurements can significantly reduce errors arising from detector inefficiency. We present a general theory of universal quantum Zeno gates, and discuss physical implementations for quantum-information processing with individual atoms and photons. In addition, we propose a loss-tolerant protocol for long-distance quantum communication using quantum Zeno gates incorporated into a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The efficiency of our Zeno gates is limited primarily by the imprecise control of atom-photon scattering and the finite number of feedback cycles NNN due to the limited finesse of the optical ring cavity. We find that the success probability scales as $1\ensuremath{-}O(1/N)$, and for realistic parameters could be as high as 98.4%. Successful generation of atom-atom entanglement can be heralded by detection of the ancillary photon, upon which the fidelity scales as $1\ensuremath{-}O(1/{N}^{2})$, with an achievable fidelity of 99.994%, which comes at the cost of reducing the success probability by the detector efficiency.
A fundamental challenge in photonics-based deterministic quantum information processing is to realize key transformations on time scales shorter than those of detrimental decoherence and loss mechanisms. This challenge has been addressed through device-focused approaches that aim to increase nonlinear interactions relative to decoherence rates. In this work, we adopt a complementary architecture-focused approach by proposing a recirculating quantum photonic network (RQPN) that minimizes the duration of quantum information processing tasks, thereby reducing the requirements on nonlinear interaction rates. The RQPN consists of a network of all-to-all connected nonlinear cavities with dynamically controlled waveguide couplings, and it processes information by capturing a photonic input state, recirculating photons between the cavities, and releasing a photonic output state. We demonstrate the RQPN's architectural advantage through two examples: first, we show that processing all qubits simultaneously yields faster operations than single- and two-qubit decompositions of the three-qubit Toffoli gate. Second, we demonstrate implementations of a measurement-free correction for single-photon loss, achieving up to seven-fold speedups and significantly improved hardware efficiency relative to state-of-the-art architecture proposals. Our work shows that a single hardware-efficient recirculating architecture substantially reduces the temporal overhead of multi-qubit gates and quantum error correction, thereby lowering the barrier to experimental realizations of deterministic photonic quantum information processing.
In Chapter 7 we discussed the interaction between atoms and photons. We found that the coupling between a single atom and a single photon is rather weak, unless the atom and the photon are contained within a small cavity. The only way to significantly affect a free atom with light is to use a state of light with many photons, and in particular we showed how to use classical laser fields to prepare particular atomic states. However, there is another way of enhancing the interaction in a useful way. We can use many atoms rather than a single one. In this chapter, we will show that the interaction between a single photon and an ensemble of atoms can be greatly increased through the phenomenon of collective enhancement. We will show that this gives an atomic ensemble a relatively large susceptibility, and that multilevel atoms can be used to generate large optical nonlinearities. These offer the possibility of slowing, and even stopping, a beam of light; a phenomenon that goes hand in hand with electromagnetically induced transparency. We will discuss how a quantum state of light can be stored in and retrieved from an ensemble of atoms, and how the states of different atomic ensembles can be entangled with one another. We will show that collective states of atoms can even be used as a single qubit or several qubits, and finally, we will show that atomic ensembles can be use to mediate a photon–photon interaction.