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Springer eBooks

Wave-particle correlations of non-classical light

G. T. Foster, Luis A. Orozco, Joseph E. Reiner, Wade P. Smith, H. J. Carmichael, Perry R. Rice

Published Jan 1, 2003• 2 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-1-4419-8907-9_28

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The quantum theory has introduced physicists to two major counter-intuitive concepts. On the one hand, there is wave-particle duality, expressing the idea that objects normally described as particles can also behave as waves, while entities primarily described as waves, such as light, can behave as particles. This revolutionary idea nev- ertheless relies on concepts borrowed from classical physics, either waves or particles evolving in an ordinary space-time. On the other hand, entanglement can lead to interferences between the amplitudes of multi-particle states, which are described via Hilbert space and have no classical counter-part.This fundamental feature has of course been strikingly demonstrated by the violation of Bell’s inequalities. There is however, a conceptually simpler situation in which the interference between two-particle amplitudes entails a behavior impossible to describe by any classical model. This is the celebrated Hong Ou and Mandel experiment, in which two photons arriving simultaneously in the input channels of a beam-splitter always emerge together in one of the output channels. This effect has been extensively used to characterize the quality of non- classical light sources.Our group in Palaiseau has recently realized a Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment using metastable helium atoms [1]. A schematic diagram of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. We monitor the cross correlation signal between the two output ports ⟨nˆcnˆd⟩ as a function of the time t3 of application of the beam splitter. At this time we observe a 65% reduction in the cross correlation. This degree of supression cannot be explained by either a wavelike or particlelike description of the atoms.
Based on the quantum field theory and classical electromagnetic field theory, the behaviors of the electromagnetic field in the boundary of the classical environment and the quantum environment were studied, and three dead-points and five paradoxes, like Lorentz-Compton paradox, non-conservation of the energy of the electromagnetic field before and after quantization due to a number of zero-point energy, the non-self-consistence of the wave-particle duality, etc, were discovered. Through analyzing these dead-points and paradoxes, we found that these paradoxes are related to each other, and all wrapped together. The core problem is the non-self-consistence in the theoretical system and the ambiguity in the mechanism of the wave-particle duality. Based on resolving the classical electromagnetic field into the electromagnetic element-waves according to the photons, a third kind of wave-particle duality, the particle-like characteristics of the classical electromagnetic field in structure, was put forward, and the structure of n-shape of three kinds of wave-particle duality was revealed. So, in wave-particle duality, the wave and the particle are staggered in existing time, or in existing form, either in imagination or in reality, and the third kind of wave-particle duality will be combined into a unit with the first kind of wave-particle duality, Einstein's wave-particle duality of light, and the second kind of wave-particle duality, de Broglie's wave-particle duality of matter particle. Hence, a self-consistent picture of wave-particle duality of light was set up, and three dead-points and five paradoxes of the electromagnetic field in the boundary of the classical environment and the quantum environment were dispelled. In the last, a crucial experiment was designed for testing this picture.