Theory of a Pair of Quantum Bits

Stefan Kooijman

Dated predictions, registered before any experiment designed to test them. This is the author's hypothesis. It is not proven, it is not established physics, and it is not a theory of everything. Every prediction lies below the sensitivity of current experiments, so a null result at today's sensitivity neither supports nor refutes it. Building on E=mc²=i (DOI 10.5281/zenodo.23415364), where one bit carries the mass of its Landauer energy, kT ln 2 / c², this record applies that formula to an entangled pair. By the author's choice, one maximally entangled pair (one ebit) carries n = 1 bit, held by the relation between the halves, not by either half: 3.2 × 10⁻³⁸ kg at 300 K. Six pair predictions follow (EP1 to EP6: weigh the pair, drop the pair, heat at the detectors, the pair as fuel, locked bits in silicon against the entangled pair, and superdense coding), each set against what standard physics predicts. It also registers P12: the 2 kT ln 2 of heat per teleportation (E=mc²=i P7, cited unchanged) appears at the moment of the Bell-state measurement, even while the outcome record is kept and never erased. A delayed-erasure test is proposed that separates the measurement moment from the record erasure. Open questions are stated as open. Foundation: this record builds on the author's earlier record E=mc²=i (all versions: DOI 10.5281/zenodo.23414461), which is itself untested. Its predictions hold only if E=mc²=i holds; a confirmation of E=mc²=i would not by itself confirm the choice n = 1. Falsifier, stated plainly: no excess mass (n = 0) is the result that proves the entangled-pair claim wrong. Prior work: Melvin M. Vopson's mass-energy-information equivalence principle, a stored bit with mass kT ln 2 / c² (Vopson 2019, AIP Advances 9, 095206; test protocol Vopson 2022, AIP Advances 12, 035311), proposed and not yet confirmed. This record shares that vision from another perspective: the bit held by the relation in an entangled pair, one shared bit, rather than by a memory. Bits = quanta is an author's postulate used within the E=mc²=i framework and should not be interpreted as a statement of established quantum information theory.

David S. Simon

Joakim Persson

This paper treats the current progress in the research of superconducting quantum bits. It includes background theory in the two distinct fields of superconductivity and quantum bits and how these two research fields relate. Different designs of superconducting quantum bits are presented including the derivation of their respective Hamiltonian. Particular focus is put on the Cooper Pair Box-design and the Transmon-design with their structure more explained in detail and energy levels numerically calculated. The paper concludes by comparing the various designs in terms of sensitivity to outer disturbances.

Miguel Orszag

Gerd Niestegge

Abstract It is quite common to use the generalized probabilistic theories (GPTs) as generic models to reconstruct quantum theory from a few basic principles and to gain a better understanding of the probabilistic or information theoretic foundations of quantum physics and quantum computing. A variety of symmetry postulates was introduced and studied in this framework, including the transitivity of the automorphism group (1) on the pure states, (2) on the pairs of orthogonal pure states [these pairs are called 2-frames] and (3) on any frames of the same size. The second postulate is Müller and Ududec’s bit symmetry , which they motivate by quantum computational needs. Here we explore these three postulates in the transition probability framework, which is more specific than the GPTs since the existence of the transition probabilities for the quantum logical atoms is presupposed either directly or indirectly via a certain geometric property of the state space. This property for compact convex sets was introduced by the author in a recent paper. We show that bit symmetry implicates the symmetry of the transition probabilities between the atoms. Using a result by Barnum and Hilgert, we can then conclude that the third rather strong symmetry postulate rules out all models but the classical cases and the simple Euclidean Jordan algebras.