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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Polarized Fermi superfluids between one and three dimensions

Meera M. Parish, Stefan K. Baur, Erich J. Mueller, David A. Huse

Published Mar 13, 2008• 0 citations
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We briefly review current research on strongly interacting ultracold atomic polarized Fermi gases.In three dimensions the ground state of such systems is under strong debate.To gain some insights we investigate a system of one-dimensional strongly interacting polarized Fermi gases.In free space this is an integrable system,and therefore an exact phase diagram can be obtained.We show that an inhomogeneous superfluid state is most widespread in the phase diagram.We consider also the trapped case with an external harmonic trap,where two novel phase separation phases are found using the local density approximation.
Based on the integrable Gaudin model and local density approximation, we discuss the ground state of a one-dimensional trapped Fermi gas with imbalanced spin population, for an arbitrary attractive interaction. A phase separation state, with a polarized superfluid core immersed in an unpolarized superfluid shell, emerges below a critical spin polarization. Above it, coexistence of polarized superfluid matter and a fully polarized normal gas is favored. These two exotic states could be realized experimentally in highly elongated atomic traps, and diagnosed by measuring the lowest density compressional mode. We identify the polarized superfluid as having an Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov structure, and predict the resulting mode frequency as a function of the spin polarization.
We report on the creation of homogeneous Fermi gases of ultracold atoms in a uniform potential. In the momentum distribution of a spin-polarized gas, we observe the emergence of the Fermi surface and the saturated occupation of one particle per momentum state: the striking consequence of Pauli blocking in momentum space for a degenerate gas. Cooling a spin-balanced Fermi gas at unitarity, we create homogeneous superfluids and observe spatially uniform pair condensates. For thermodynamic measurements, we introduce a hybrid potential that is harmonic in one dimension and uniform in the other two. The spatially resolved compressibility reveals the superfluid transition in a spin-balanced Fermi gas, saturation in a fully polarized Fermi gas, and strong attraction in the polaronic regime of a partially polarized Fermi gas.