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Chinese Control Conference (CCC)

Nuclear spin gyroscope based on an atomic comagnetometer

Lijun Liu, Zairong Xi

Published Jan 1, 2012• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

We describe a new nuclear spin gyroscope based on K-3He comagnetometer. In this type of Gyroscope, there is much space in improving the sensitivity of measurement, therefore, it's significant to study it. In the comagnetometer, the state equation of the system is very complicated, and we just give the relationship between comagnetometer signal and the rotation angle of gyroscpoe in Bloch picture. Finally, we extend the equation of system to quantum filtering equation, so that we could improve the stability of system and sensitivity of measurement by continuous measurement and quantum feedback control.

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We describe a new nuclear spin gyroscope based on K-3He comagnetometer. In this type of Gyroscope, there is much space in improving the sensitivity of measurement, therefore, it's significant to study it. In the comagnetometer, the state equation of the system is very complicated, and we just give the relationship between comagnetometer signal and the rotation angle of gyroscpoe in Bloch picture. Finally, we extend the equation of system to quantum filtering equation, so that we could improve the stability of system and sensitivity of measurement by continuous measurement and quantum feedback control.
We describe a nuclear spin gyroscope based on an alkali-metal--noble-gas comagnetometer. Optically pumped alkali-metal vapor is used to polarize the noble-gas atoms and detect their gyroscopic precession. Spin precession due to magnetic fields as well as their gradients and transients can be cancelled in this arrangement. The sensitivity is enhanced by using a high-density alkali-metal vapor in a spin-exchange relaxation free regime. With a $\mathrm{K}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ comagnetometer we demonstrate rotation sensitivity of $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{rad}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\mathrm{Hz}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$, equivalent to a magnetic field sensitivity of 2.5  fT/Hz1/22.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fT}/{\mathrm{Hz}}^{1/2}2.5  fT/Hz1/2. The rotation signal can be increased by a factor of 10 using 21Ne^{21}\mathrm{Ne}21Ne with a smaller magnetic moment. The comagnetometer is also a promising tool in searches for anomalous spin couplings beyond the standard model.
In recent years, developments in quantum sensing, laser, and atomic sensor technologies have also enabled advancement in the field of quantum navigation. Atomic-based gyroscopes have emerged as one of the most critical atomic sensors in this respect. In this review, a brief technology statement of spin exchange relaxation free (SERF) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) type atomic comagnetometer gyroscope (CG) is presented. Related studies in the literature have been gathered, and the fundamental compositions of CGs with technical basics are presented. A comparison of SERF and NMR CGs is provided. A basic simulation of SERF CG was carried out because of its high theoretic bias stability limit. Besides, some highly critical challenges for CGs were examined and reported with compensation methods. The objective of this review is to offer a guide for researchers to develop high-precision atomic gyroscopes and to encourage further research.
Gyroscopes find wide applications in everyday life from navigation and inertial sensing to rotation sensors in hand-held devices and automobiles. Current devices, based on either atomic or solid-state systems, impose a choice between long-time stability and high sensitivity in a miniaturized system. Here, we introduce a quantum sensor that overcomes these limitations by providing a sensitive and stable three-axis gyroscope in the solid state. We achieve high sensitivity by exploiting the long coherence time of the 14{}^{14}14N nuclear spin associated with the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond, combined with the efficient polarization and measurement of its electronic spin. Although the gyroscope is based on a simple Ramsey interferometry scheme, we use coherent control of the quantum sensor to improve its coherence time and robustness against long-time drifts. Such a sensor can achieve a sensitivity of $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\sim}0.5\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}(\mathrm{mdeg}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{mm}}^{3}}$ while offering enhanced stability in a small footprint. In addition, we exploit the four axes of delocalization of the nitrogen-vacancy center to measure not only the rate of rotation, but also its direction, thus obtaining a compact three-axis gyroscope.
Integrating classical estimation and control theory with quantum systems holds potential for quantum measurement improvement. Here, we report a real-time linear quadratic regulator (LQR) optimal control for spin damping in electron-nuclear spin-coupling regime. The aim is a quicker response and enhanced noise suppression for precision quantum measurements. Using a Kalman quantum observer with electron spin data, we estimate the quantum state of nondirectly observable nuclear spin. LQR full-state feedback optimal control is applied to achieve faster spin-coupling damping. Demonstrated in an atomic spin gyroscope, our method significantly enhances dynamic response with a 4.3-fold improvement in rotational bandwidth. It also boosts long-term stability and measurement sensitivity by 62.9%, presenting a promising avenue to elevate spin-coupling ensemble performance in quantum measurements.
We describe a 3 He- 129 Xe comagnetometer using 87 Rb atoms for noble-gas spin polarization and detection.We use a train of 87 Rb π pulses and σ þ =σ -optical pumping to realize a finite-field Rb magnetometer with suppression of spin-exchange relaxation.We suppress frequency shifts from polarized Rb by measuring the 3 He and 129 Xe spin precession frequencies in the dark, while applying π pulses along two directions to depolarize Rb atoms.The plane of the π pulses is rotated to suppress the Bloch-Siegert shifts for the nuclear spins.We measure the ratio of 3 He to 129 Xe spin precession frequencies with sufficient absolute accuracy to resolve Earth's rotation without changing the orientation of the comagnetometer.A frequency resolution of 7 nHz is achieved after integration for 8 h without evidence of significant drift.
A spin-exchange relaxation-free comagnetometer is a promising high-precision gyroscope as its inertial measurement sensitivity can rival that of existing technologies. The magnetic field error is one of the main factors that limits the long-term stability of the comagnetometer. The steady-state response and frequency response models of a K-Rb-21Ne comagnetometer are modified by considering the spin-exchange rate between the electron spins and the nuclear spins. The modified models are used to redefine the bias magnetic sensitivity of the K-Rb-21Ne comagnetometer and the suppression method of low-frequency magnetic field error is proposed. We demonstrate the magnetic drift suppression method proposed in the article by optimizing the cell temperature and pump laser power density. This study is helpful to improve the rotation measurement performance of the K-Rb-21Ne comagnetometer.