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AIP conference proceedings

Chaos in the conditional dynamics of two qubits purification protocol

S. Vymětal, T. Kiss, Igor Jex, G. Alber, A. Gábris, T. Langrová, Marko Robnik, Valery G. Romanovski

Published Jan 1, 2008• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The presence of complex chaos in iterative applications of selective dynamics on quantum systems is a novel form of quantum chaos with true sensitivity to initial conditions. Techniques for the study of pure states are extended to the two‐qubit case.
DOI
10.1063/1.3046262

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Complex chaos is specified by an iterated mapping on complex numbers. It has recently been found in the dynamics of qubits where each time step is conditioned on a measurement result on part of the system. We analyse the simplest case of one qubit dynamics with one complex parameter in some detail. We point out that two attractive cycles can exist and provide examples how the fractal like Julia set divides the areas of corresponding initial states. We show how to determine the set of parameters for which one, two or no stable fixed cycles exists and provide the numerically calculated images of the sets. The results can be relevant for the quantum state purification protocol based on the similar dynamics of two or more qubits and in general for any protocol based on conditioned nonlinear dynamics where truly chaotic behavior may occur.
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We analyze the consequences of iterative measurement-induced nonlinearity on the dynamical behavior of qubits. We present a one-qubit scheme where the equation governing the time evolution is a complex-valued nonlinear map with one complex parameter. In contrast to the usual notion of quantum chaos, exponential sensitivity to the initial state occurs here. We calculate analytically the Lyapunov exponent based on the overlap of quantum states, and find that it is positive. We present a few illustrative examples of the emerging dynamics.
Entanglement-purification protocols, developed for the sake of high-fidelity communication through noisy quantum channels, are highly nonlinear quantum operations and can offer a very useful context to studies of nonlinear complex maps. Recently it was demonstrated that the feedback mechanism used in a typical purification protocol can cause the evolution dynamics of qubits to exhibit chaos [Kiss et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 100501 (2011)]. In this work we extend the investigation by considering the natural time evolution of qubits during a purification process, leading to a number of interesting findings that reflect the competition between the natural unitary evolution of qubits and nonlinear purification operations. As a result, the overall evolution dynamics of entanglement can be much richer. Possible applications are also proposed.
Using the key properties of chaos, i.e. ergodicity and exponential instability, as a resource to control classical dynamics has a long and considerable history. However, in the context of controlling "chaotic" quantum unitary dynamics, the situation is far more tenuous. The classical concepts of exponential sensitivity to trajectory initial conditions and ergodicity do not directly translate into quantum unitary evolution. Nevertheless properties inherent to quantum chaos can take on those roles: i) the dynamical sensitivity to weak perturbations, measured by the fidelity decay, serves a similar purpose as the classical sensitivity to initial conditions; and ii) paired with the fact that quantum chaotic systems are conjectured to be statistically described by random matrix theory, implies a method to translate the ergodic feature into the control of quantum dynamics. With those two properties, it can be argued that quantum chaotic dynamical systems, in principle, allow for full controllability beyond a characteristic time that scales only logarithmically with system size and ℏ−1\hbar^{-1}ℏ−1. In the spirit of classical targeting, it implies that it is possible to fine tune the immense quantum interference with weak perturbations and steer the system from any initial state into any desired target state, subject to constraints imposed by conserved quantities. In contrast, integrable dynamics possess neither ergodicity nor exponential instability, and thus the weak perturbations apparently must break the integrability for control purposes. The main ideas are illustrated with the quantum kicked rotor. The production of revivals, cat-like entangled states, and the transition from any random state to any other random state is possible as demonstrated.