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Quantum Information and Computation

No-cloning theorem for a single POVM

Alexey E. Rastegin

Published Nov 1, 2010• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Cloning of statistics of general quantum measurement is discussed. The presented approach is connected with the known concept of observable cloning, but differs in some essential respects. The reasons are illustrated within some variety of the B92 protocol. As it is shown, there exist pairs of states such that the perfect cloning of given POVM is not possible. We discuss some properties of these intolerant sets. An example allowing the perfect cloning is presented as well.

DOI
10.26421/qic10.11-12-7

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Cloning of statistics of general quantum measurement is discussed. The presented approach is connected with the known concept of observable cloning, but differs in some essential respects. The reasons are illustrated within some variety of the B92 protocol. As it is shown, there exist pairs of states such that the perfect cloning of given POVM is not possible. We discuss some properties of these intolerant sets. An example allowing the perfect cloning is presented as well.
No-cloning theorem is fundamental for quantum mechanics and for quantum information science that states an unknown quantum state cannot be cloned perfectly. However, we can try to clone a quantum state approximately with the optimal fidelity, or instead, we can try to clone it perfectly with the largest probability. Thus various quantum cloning machines have been designed for different quantum information protocols. Specifically, quantum cloning machines can be designed to analyze the security of quantum key distribution protocols such as BB84 protocol, six-state protocol, B92 protocol and their generalizations. Some well-known quantum cloning machines include universal quantum cloning machine, phase-covariant cloning machine, the asymmetric quantum cloning machine and the probabilistic quantum cloning machine etc. In the past years, much progress has been made in studying quantum cloning machines and their applications and implementations, both theoretically and experimentally. In this review, we will give a complete description of those important developments about quantum cloning and some related topics. On the other hand, this review is self-consistent, and in particular, we try to present some detailed formulations so that further study can be taken based on those results.
This chapter begins by providing proofs of no-cloning and no-broadcasting theorems. No-cloning theorem makes it possible to detect any eavesdropper on a quantum communication channel. The chapter presents the features of some of the quantum cloning machines. In spite of the no-cloning theorem, it is quite possible to construct a quantum cloning machine which copies an unknown state approximately. A probabilistic cloning machine has been proposed which can succeed only with a probability. When it succeeds it will give a perfect copy. This probabilistic quantum cloning is much useful in studying the B92 quantum key distribution protocol which involves only two non-orthogonal states and we can try to clone it with the largest probability. A telecloning scheme combines cloning with teleportation. A quantum telecloning system for two-level system in which one input is sent to M-receivers has been proposed. The no-hiding theorem is found to have applications in black hole evaporation, quantum teleportation and private quantum channels.
Perfect cloning of a known set of states with arbitrary prior probabilities is possible if we allow the cloner to sometimes fail completely. In the optimal case the probability of failure is at its minimum allowed by the laws of quantum mechanics. Here we show that it is possible to lower the failure rate below that of the perfect probabilistic cloner but the price to pay is that the clones are not perfect; the global fidelity is less than one. We determine the optimal fidelity of a cloner with a Fixed Failure Rate (FFR cloner) in the case of a pair of known states. Optimality is shown to be attainable by a measure-and-prepare protocol in the limit of infinitely many clones. The optimal protocol consists of discrimination with a fixed rate of inconclusive outcome followed by preparation of the appropriate clones. The convergence shows a symmetry-breaking second-order phase transition in the fidelity of the approximate infinite clones.
Quantum theory fundamentally forbids the perfect copying of an arbitrary unknown quantum state, according to a principle known as the no-cloning theorem. Nevertheless, it is possible to construct a deterministic quantum map that produces multiple approximate copies of an unknown quantum state. This task is referred to as universal quantum cloning, further facilitating numerous quantum technologies such as quantum cryptography and quantum communication. In this work, we theoretically verify that the universal quantum cloning cannot be realized within a noncontextual theory, highlighting its intrinsically nonclassical nature. Our verification first {focuses on revealing that} 1→21\rightarrow21→2 cloning scenario {is fully contextual}, and {further covers general examples to observe the contextual behavior of} N→MN\rightarrow MN→M scenario. We believe that our results regarding quantum cloning serve a key role for understanding both quantum foundation and application.