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Recent Developments in Superconducting Receivers

Paul L. Richards

Published Sep 1, 1990• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

A description is given of recent work at Berkeley on superconducting mixers and detectors for infrared and millimeter wavelengths. The first report is a review article which summarizes the status of development of superconducting components for infrared and millimeter wave receivers. The next report describes accurate measurements and also theoretical modeling of an SIS quasiparticle waveguide mixer for W-band which uses very high quality Ta junctions. The best mixer noise is only 1.3 times the quantum limit. Both the mixer gain and the noise are in quantitative agreement with the quantum theory. Next, a report is given on measurements and theoretical modeling of the absorptivity (surface resistance) of high quality epitaxial films of the high {Tc} superconductor YBCO from 750 GHz to 21 THz. Finally, there are reports on the design and experimental performance of two different types of high {Tc} bolometric detectors. One is a conventional bolometer with a gold-black absorber. The other is an antenna coupled microbolometer.

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A description is given of recent work at Berkeley on superconducting detectors and mixers for infrared and millimeter wavelengths. The first report is a review article which summarizes the status of development of superconducting components for infrared and millimeter wave receivers. Next, a report is given on measurements and theoretical modeling of the absorptivity (surface resistance) of high quality epitaxial films of the high-Tc superconductor YBCO from 750 GHz to 21 THz. The next report describes measurements of the thermal boundary resistance between YBCO films and various substrates. This resistance is much larger than expected from the acoustic impedance mismatch model and gives a thermal time constant in the nanosecond range for typical YBCO films. Then, there are reports on the design and experimental performance of two different types of high-Tc bolometric detectors. One is a conventional bolometer with a gold-black absorber. The other is an antenna coupled microbolometer. The properties of a low-Tc microbolometer are also described. The last reports describe accurate measurements and also theoretical modeling of an SIS quasiparticle waveguide mixer for W-band which uses very high quality Ta junctions. The best mixer noise is only 1.3 times the quantum limit. Both the mixer gain and the noise are in quantitative agreement with the quantum theory.

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Recent work done at Berkeley on the development of millimeter-wave heterodyne mixers using superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) junctions is reviewed. Two types of mixers have been developed; a conventional waveguide system using a resonant cavity and an open-structure quasioptical system using planar antennas and lenses. Using the waveguide system, the lowest mixer noise level yet obtained (within 25% of the quantum limit) at 95 GHz has been achieved. The quasioptical system has achieved a good mixer performance up to 200 GHz, and it has shown promise for use at submillimeter wavelengths.>

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Progress in the development of SIS quasiparticle mixers

P. L. Richards

A summary is presented of recent SIS quasiparticle heterodyne mixer work done at Berkeley. Developments related to millimeter wavelength waveguide mixers include techniques for accurate measurements of noise and gain, integrated RF matching elements for large instantaneous bandwidths, large scaled modeling experiments, new W-band mixers with wide tuning bandwidth and only one mechanical adjustment, observation of very large coupled gain, systematic studies of the properties of array mixers, analysis of the effect of saturation on mixer measurements, very low noise in mixers with high quality junctions, and computer modeling to test the quantum theory of mixing. Developments related to planar lithographed mixers with quasi-optical antennas include construction of test apparatus, large scale modeling, and the design and evaluation of mixers which use RF matching structures integrated with bow tie antennas.

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics•Mar 1, 1987•9 citations
A description is given of recent work at Berkeley on superconducting mixers and detectors for infrared and millimeter wavelengths. The first report is a review article which summarizes the status of development of superconducting components for infrared and millimeter wave receivers. The next report describes accurate measurements and also theoretical modeling of an SIS quasiparticle waveguide mixer for W-band which uses very high quality Ta junctions. The best mixer noise is only 1.3 times the quantum limit. Both the mixer gain and the noise are in quantitative agreement with the quantum theory. Next, a report is given on measurements and theoretical modeling of the absorptivity (surface resistance) of high quality epitaxial films of the high {Tc} superconductor YBCO from 750 GHz to 21 THz. Finally, there are reports on the design and experimental performance of two different types of high {Tc} bolometric detectors. One is a conventional bolometer with a gold-black absorber. The other is an antenna coupled microbolometer.
A description is given of recent work at Berkeley on superconducting detectors and mixers for infrared and millimeter wavelengths. The first report is a review article which summarizes the status of development of superconducting components for infrared and millimeter wave receivers. Next, a report is given on measurements and theoretical modeling of the absorptivity (surface resistance) of high quality epitaxial films of the high-Tc superconductor YBCO from 750 GHz to 21 THz. The next report describes measurements of the thermal boundary resistance between YBCO films and various substrates. This resistance is much larger than expected from the acoustic impedance mismatch model and gives a thermal time constant in the nanosecond range for typical YBCO films. Then, there are reports on the design and experimental performance of two different types of high-Tc bolometric detectors. One is a conventional bolometer with a gold-black absorber. The other is an antenna coupled microbolometer. The properties of a low-Tc microbolometer are also described. The last reports describe accurate measurements and also theoretical modeling of an SIS quasiparticle waveguide mixer for W-band which uses very high quality Ta junctions. The best mixer noise is only 1.3 times the quantum limit. Both the mixer gain and the noise are in quantitative agreement with the quantum theory.
A description is given of recent work at Berkeley on superconducting detectors and mixers for infrared and millimeter wavelengths. The first report is a review article which summarizes the status of development of superconducting components for infrared and millimeter wave receivers. Next, a report is given on measurements and theoretical modeling of the absorptivity (surface resistance) of high quality epitaxial films of the high-Tc superconductor YBCO from 750 GHz to 21 THz. The next report describes measurements of the thermal boundary resistance between YBCO films and various substrates. This resistance is much larger than expected from the acoustic impedance mismatch model and gives a thermal time constant in the nanosecond range for typical YBCO films. Reports are also included on the design and experimental performance of two different types of high-Tc bolometric detectors. One is a conventional bolometer with a gold-black absorber. The other is an antenna coupled microbolometer. The properties of a low-Tc microbolometer are also described. The last reports describe accurate measurements and also theoretical modeling of an SIS quasi-particle waveguide mixer for W-band which uses very high quality Ta junctions. The best mixer noise is only 1.3 times the quantum limit. Both the mixer gain and the noise are in quantitative agreement with the quantum theory.
Recent work done at Berkeley on the development of millimeter-wave heterodyne mixers using superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) junctions is reviewed. Two types of mixers have been developed; a conventional waveguide system using a resonant cavity and an open-structure quasioptical system using planar antennas and lenses. Using the waveguide system, the lowest mixer noise level yet obtained (within 25% of the quantum limit) at 95 GHz has been achieved. The quasioptical system has achieved a good mixer performance up to 200 GHz, and it has shown promise for use at submillimeter wavelengths.>
The superconducting components developed for infrared and millimeter-wave receivers are reviewed. A brief description is given of the scientific principles on which each device is based, followed by a discussion of the performance that has been achieved in terms of the appropriate figures of merit. Comments are made about the possibility that useful device performance can be achieved by using the new high-T/sub c/ oxide superconductors. The authors emphasize photon-assisted quasi-particle tunneling and the superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) quasi-particle mixer, which is the only superconducting component to find substantial applications at infrared or millimeter wavelengths. Descriptions are given of the SIS quasi-particle direct detector, the Josephson effect oscillator, the Josephson effect parametric amplifier, and the various superconducting bolometers, for which practical applications appear possible. The less promising Josephson-effect detector and mixer and the various ideas for superconducting photon detectors are described because of the current interest in possible high-T/sub c/ versions of these devices.>
This thesis investigates the prospects of some different superconducting mixers integrated with planar antennas for the millimeter and submillimeter regime. Two kinds of Superconductor/Insulator/Superconductor (SIS) tunnel junctions for use in mixers have been fabricated; Nb/PbBi edge junctions and Nb trilayer junctions. One of the very high quality trilayer mixers is currently operating in a 350 GHz radio-telescope heterodyne-receiver. The reduced sensitivity of SIS mixers for frequencies above the gap frequency (?700 GHz) of the superconductors has directed the interest towards another type of superconducting mixer device, the superconducting Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB). Various types of this device have been studied; Nb devices for scale-measurements at 20 GHz to more easily verify some of the theoretical background of the HEB, NbN waveguide devices for 100 GHz, and NbN devices integrated with planar antennas for a quasi-optical mixer at 350 GHz. Two types of planar antennas have been used; the endfire "Broken" Linearly Tapered Slotline Antenna (BLTSA) on a thin dielectric membrane, and the double dipole antenna on a quartz substrate lens. The beam pattern of the BLTSA has been examined theoretically and measured at 40 GHz with antennas supported by Kapton foil, and at 350 and 800 GHz with antennas on thin dielectric SiOxNy membranes. Measurements of the 20 GHz Nb HEB show a mixer conversion loss close to 0 dB for IF frequencies below 40 MHz. The maximum IF bandwidth given by the electron temperature relaxation time corresponds to a frequency of about 80 MHz. A DSB mixer noise temperature of only a few hundred Kelvin has been measured. Corresponding measurements of NbN devices at 100 and 350 GHz give a mixer conversion loss of about 6-10 dB and an IF bandwidth of about 700 to 1000 MHz. The output noise is found to be dominated by electron temperature fluctuations with an equivalent noise temperature of about 100 K, and a frequency dependence equal to that of the IF signal. Phenomenological expressions for conversion loss, noise, and IF impedance have been compared measurements and shows good agreement. The quasioptical NbN HEB mixers are still under development with respect to film quality and coupling to radiation, why the mixer performance of these is expected to improve.
A summary is presented of recent SIS quasiparticle heterodyne mixer work done at Berkeley. Developments related to millimeter wavelength waveguide mixers include techniques for accurate measurements of noise and gain, integrated RF matching elements for large instantaneous bandwidths, large scaled modeling experiments, new W-band mixers with wide tuning bandwidth and only one mechanical adjustment, observation of very large coupled gain, systematic studies of the properties of array mixers, analysis of the effect of saturation on mixer measurements, very low noise in mixers with high quality junctions, and computer modeling to test the quantum theory of mixing. Developments related to planar lithographed mixers with quasi-optical antennas include construction of test apparatus, large scale modeling, and the design and evaluation of mixers which use RF matching structures integrated with bow tie antennas.