Classical Computation in Quantum Nanostructures: A Long Road to an Uncertain Future

Brian A. LaMacchia, Matt Campagna, William Gropp

The development of quantum computing threatens the security of our currently widely deployed cryptographic algorithms. While signicant progress has been made in developing post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standards to protect against future quantum computing threats, the U.S. government's estimated $7.1 billion transition cost for non-National Security Systems alone, coupled with an aggressive 2035 deadline, will require sustained funding, research, and international coordination to successfully upgrade existing cryptographic systems.

J.H Reina Estupiñán

Hoyle, Fred If matters still seem very uncertain it must always be remembered that clearly sign-posted roads are not to be expected at a pioneering frontier. Unknown Heisenberg might have slept here.

Mustafa M. El-Boghdady, Mohamed A. Swillam

Classical computers use bits, whilst quantum computers use quantum bits (qubits).Quantum computers can perform tasks that classical computers are unable to perform.When ideal quantum computers are developed, they will be a serious threat to current encryption systems.This has prompted the development of post-quantum cryptography.The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have selected four post-quantum algorithms.Three employ lattice-based cryptography, whilst one employs hash-based cryptography.Although recent attacks on lattice-based cryptography mean that the post-quantum algorithms of the future are uncertain.

Ali A. Kamli, Smail B. Bougouffa