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Lecture notes in computer science

Interactive Zero-Knowledge with Restricted Random Oracles

Moti M. Yung, Yunlei Zhao

Published Jan 1, 2006• 15 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/11681878_2

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We define and construct universally composable (UC) Zero-Knowledge Set (ZKS) protocols. A ZKS protocol allows a prover to commit to a secret set S and prove statements of the form x ∈ S or x ∉ S without revealing any other information about S. The universal composability framework initiated by Canetti is very useful as it ensures stronger security such as concurrent composition, adaptive security and non-malleability. In this paper, we propose a UC ZKS protocol and prove its security in the random oracle model. Simultaneously, we give the negative result that a UC ZKS cannot exist in the standard model (without a random oracle). The negative result shows that the random oracle has both compression and extraction, which is a pair of paradoxical properties. To our knowledge, this is the first time this kind of property has been considered.

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Abstract. We revisit the definitions of zero-knowledge in the Common Reference String (CRS) model and the Random Oracle (RO) model. We argue that even though these definitions syntactically mimic the standard zero-knowledge definition, they loose some of its spirit. In particular, we show that there exist a specific natural security property that is not captured by these definitions. This is the property of deniability. We formally define the notion of deniable zero-knowledge in these models and investigate the possibility of achieving it. Our results are different for the two models: – Concerning the CRS model, we rule out the possibility of achieving deniable zero-knowledge protocols in “natural ” settings where such protocols cannot already be achieved in plain model. – In the RO model, on the other hand, we construct an efficient 2-round deniable zero-knowledge argument of knowledge, that preserves both the zero-knowledge property and the proof of knowledge property under concurrent executions (concurrent zero-knowledge and concurrent proof-of knowledge). 1
We define and construct universally composable (UC) Zero-Knowledge Set (ZKS) protocols. A ZKS protocol allows a prover to commit to a secret set S and prove statements of the form x ∈ S or x ∉ S without revealing any other information about S. The universal composability framework initiated by Canetti is very useful as it ensures stronger security such as concurrent composition, adaptive security and non-malleability. In this paper, we propose a UC ZKS protocol and prove its security in the random oracle model. Simultaneously, we give the negative result that a UC ZKS cannot exist in the standard model (without a random oracle). The negative result shows that the random oracle has both compression and extraction, which is a pair of paradoxical properties. To our knowledge, this is the first time this kind of property has been considered.