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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Coherent dynamics of coupled exciton-photon modes in multiple quantum wells and microcavities

J. Kühl, Matthias Hübner, Dirk Ammerlahn, Bernd Grote, T. Stroucken, S. Haas, A. Knorr, S. W. Koch, G. Khitrova, H. M. Gibbs, R. Hey, Klaus Ploog

Published Nov 27, 2002• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Summary form only given.We present a comprehensive theoretical and experimental study of the magnitude and time evolution of the third-order nonlinear polarization on two InGaAs-GaAs MQW Bragg structures with N=10 and N=30 with an In content of 3% and a QW width of 8 nm and on a 8.5-nm InGa-GaAs SQW located at the antinode of a high-quality long microcavity. Theoretically, the optical response of the interband polarization is calculated from the semiconductor Maxwell Bloch equations in Hartree-Fock approximation.

DOI
10.1109/iqec.1998.680421

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Summary form only given.We present a comprehensive theoretical and experimental study of the magnitude and time evolution of the third-order nonlinear polarization on two InGaAs-GaAs MQW Bragg structures with N=10 and N=30 with an In content of 3% and a QW width of 8 nm and on a 8.5-nm InGa-GaAs SQW located at the antinode of a high-quality long microcavity. Theoretically, the optical response of the interband polarization is calculated from the semiconductor Maxwell Bloch equations in Hartree-Fock approximation.
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Summary form only given. The optical coherent control of quantum mechanical systems enables the direct manipulation of quantum states, and has been demonstrated on excitonic transitions in semiconductors. We have demonstrated the coherent control of the nonlinear optical response of quantum-well excitons in a resonant high-Q microcavity. There are two significant advantages to using excitons in microcavities instead of bare quantum wells: first, the multiple reflections which occur in the cavity strongly enhance the optical nonlinearity, enabling large-signal coherent control, and second, 2-color coherent control may be implemented, where a pump pulse tuned to one of the normal modes of the coupled exciton-microcavity system can control the response of a probe tuned to the other normal mode. The nonlinear response of the normal modes is due to the nonlinearity of the underlying exciton transition.
We investigate a GaAs/(Ga,Al)As Fabry-P\'erot microcavity, into which (In,Ga)As quantum wells have been inserted. The cavity is wedge shaped, i.e., the detuning between the bare-exciton resonance and the bare optical cavity mode depends on the spatial position on the sample. Linear transmission spectra reveal a well-resolved Rabi splitting of 8 meV at resonance, an inhomogeneously broadened exciton transition of 4--5-meV width, and an 0.7-meV-wide Fabry-P\'erot mode. The time-resolved transmission exhibits deep beatings and a subpicosecond exponential decay: a behavior similar to that foreseen in the strong-coupling regime and in the absence of electronic disorder. Conversely, the four-wave mixing response appears weakly influenced by the cavity and not much different from what is expected for bare excitons. A photon echo, dephasing times as long as 50 ps, and only weak Rabi oscillations are observed. The experimentally observed features can be explained by a model based on the numerical solutions of the Maxwell-Bloch equations. This model confirms the dramatic influence structural disorder in the quantum wells has on the coherent nonlinear exciton-photon dynamics.
The normal modes in a nonperturbatively coupled quantum-well semiconductor microcavity are linear superpositions of the QW exciton and cavity mode when the QW exciton transition is resonant with the cavity mode. When the lower normal mode is excited by a phase-locked pair of optical pulses, the nonlinear response of a probe pulse tuned to the upper mode is controlled. Thus the normal modes are coupled in their nonlinear optical response due to the nonlinearity of the exciton underlying the two normal modes. The cavity enhancement of the excitonic nonlinearity gives rise to a large signal; modulating the relative phase of the excitation pulses produces a differential reflectivity of up to 10%. Besides the coherent control of normal modes which is explainable with in the frame of semiclassical models, we observe a purely quantum mechanical phenomenon in our system. The quantum correlations between the field and carrier density lead to intraband coherences which live much longer than the interband dephasing time.
Time-integrated and spectrally resolved degenerate-four-wave mixing experiments at liquid helium temperature on the heavy- hole exciton resonance of a wedged (In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum well Bragg structure reveal a strong dependence of the dynamic and amplitude of the coherent nonlinear optical response in dependence on sample position. In the vicinity of the Bragg resonance the signal amplitude depends on both the rapid dephasing due to enhanced superradiant decay of the excitons and on the constructive interference of the signal amplitude in the backward Bragg reflection direction. We find that even in the presence of moderate inhomogeneous broadening of the excitonic resonance the superradiant decay dominates the excitonic nonlinearity at Bragg resonance. Our experimental results can be fairly well described by solutions based on the semiconductor Maxwell-Bloch equations taking disorder into account.
The nonlinear optical responses of a strongly coupled exciton-photon system in a semiconductor microcavity structure under weak excitation can be explained by a weak exciton-exciton interaction due to the nonideal bosonic (weakly interacting bosons) nature of the excitons. The exciton-exciton interaction leads to an attractive interaction between excitons with opposite spin, and a repulsive interaction between excitons with the same spin and a phase space filling. Earlier, we have reported the ratio of these interaction energies from the polarization-sensitive degenerate four-wave mixing on a strongly coupled GaAs quantum well (QW) microcavity under weak excitation density. In order to quantitatively determine the exciton-exciton polarization interaction energy, we have proposed a pump-probe nonlinear polarization rotation scheme. In the paper, we report the quantitative measurement of the exciton-exciton polarization interaction energy in the above mentioned system under strict weak excitation density using the pump-probe nonlinear polarization rotation (PR) technique. In the technique, the change of polarization state of a weak linearly polarized probe due to the anisotropy induced by a strong, circularly polarized pump is monitored in reflection geometry.