In this paper,ultracold atoms and molecules in a dark magneto-optical trap(MOT) are studied via depumping the cesium cold atoms into the dark hyperfine ground state.The collision rate is reduced to 0.45s-1 and the density of the atoms is increased to 5.6×1011cm-3 when the fractional population of the atoms in the bright hyperfine ground state is as low as 0.15.The vibrational spectra of the ultracold cesium molecules are also studied in a standard MOT and in a dark MOT separately.The experimental results are analyzed by using the perturbative quantum approach.
In this paper,ultracold atoms and molecules in a dark magneto-optical trap(MOT) are studied via depumping the cesium cold atoms into the dark hyperfine ground state.The collision rate is reduced to 0.45s-1 and the density of the atoms is increased to 5.6×1011cm-3 when the fractional population of the atoms in the bright hyperfine ground state is as low as 0.15.The vibrational spectra of the ultracold cesium molecules are also studied in a standard MOT and in a dark MOT separately.The experimental results are analyzed by using the perturbative quantum approach.
In this paper, ultracold atoms and molecules in a dark magneto-optical trap (MOT) are studied via depumping the cesium cold atoms into the dark hyperfine ground state. The collision rate is reduced to 0.45 s −1 and the density of the atoms is increased to 5.6 × 10 11 cm −3 when the fractional population of the atoms in the bright hyperfine ground state is as low as 0.15. The vibrational spectra of the ultracold cesium molecules are also studied in a standard MOT and in a dark MOT separately. The experimental results are analyzed by using the perturbative quantum approach.
Abstract We study the cold collisions of mixed atoms in an optical dipole trap (ODT), which are loaded from a dark magneto-optical trap (MOT). A comprehensive, phenomenological rate equation is presented to derive the ultracold homonuclear and heteronuclear collision rates in loading and holding procedures. Our results show that the cold atoms in the dark MOT can provide a much better stable, initial atomic sample than MOT. The dependence of the heteronuclear collision rate on the trap depth is attributed to the hyperfine-changing collision by the ODT laser with a broad linewidth. The processes of deriving the collision rate are also universal for other kinds of atoms or even molecules.
This work is concerned with density enhancements in a laser-cooled sample of 85Rb using a dark magneto-optical trap (MOT). The density of atoms in a standard MOT is limited to approximately ~1011 atoms/cm3 due to radiation pressure and collisions. The dark MOT (DMOT) circumvents problems associated with radiation pressure in the atom cloud. To create a DMOT, a donut-shaped repump beam is projected on to the cloud of 85Rb. The dark region in the center of the donut is attenuated by ~10^(-4) compared to the bright outer ring. Atoms which encounter this dark region in the repump beam are scattered to the lower hyperfine ground level, F = 2, otherwise known as the dark hyperfine level. Additionally, a depump beam is used to force more atoms into F = 2. Results using free-space spectroscopy are presented to demonstrate the effect of the donut-shaped repump beam and the depump beam on the population distribution of the atoms in the hyperfine ground states. A tapered optical fiber is used to measure the quality of the DMOT via a parameter, p, and a strong population transfer from the bright, F = 3, to the dark, F = 2, hyperfine ground level is demonstrated. The tapered fiber, with a waist of ~ 1 micron, is made from commercially-available optical fiber and is used to detect fluorescence from the cold 85Rb coupled into the fiber guided modes. This work lays the foundation for optical nanofiber absorption spectroscopy with a small number of atoms in an optically-dense system.
We have performed photoassociative spectroscopy of ultracold potassium atoms in a high-density vapor-cell magneto-optical trap (MOT) in which atoms are confined predominantly in "dark" hyperfine levels that do not interact with the trapping light. Three well-resolved vibrational series (one strong and two weak) of the 39K2 molecule are observed within 8 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ below the 42P23 atomic limit. One of the series is identified as the ${0}_{g}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ pure long-range state and the other two are assigned to the 0u+ and 1g states. These photoassociative spectra are obtained by measuring reductions in the trap fluorescence due to trap loss induced by an intense photoassociation laser. By using a vapor-cell-dark MOT technique, we achieve atomic densities greater than 1011 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, increasing our trap loss signals by an order of magnitude compared to a normal MOT.
The production and research of ultracold heteronuclear molecules have aroused the great interest recently. On the one hand, these molecules are extremely popular in experiments for exploring the collision dynamic behaviors in threshold, photoassociative spectrum and strong dipole-dipole interactions. On the other hand, ultracold polar molecules populated at deeply bound levels in the singlet ground state are the right candidates to investigate quantum memories for quantum simulation, and to study strongly interacting quantum degenerate gases. The precise knowledge of cold collision processes between two different types of alkali atoms is necessary for understanding and utilizing ultracold heteronuclear molecules, sympathetic cooling, and thus formation of two species BEC. The goal of the present investigation is to study the collisions between ultracold sodium atoms and cesium atoms. We systematically demonstrate simultaneously trapping ultracold sodium and cesium atoms in a dual-species magneto-optical trap (MOT). The sodium atom trap loss rate coefficient Na-Cs is measured as a function of Na trapping laser intensity. At low intensities, the trap loss is dominated by ground-state hyperfine-changing collisions, while at high intensities, collisions involving excited atoms are more important. A strong interspecies collision-induced loss for Na atoms in the MOT is observed. In order to obtain the trap loss coefficient Na-Cs, we proceed in two steps. First, the Cs repumping laser is blocked to avoid the formation of ultraold Cs atoms. The loading process of Na atoms is recorded when the Cs trapping laser is on. Second, the loading curves of the Na atoms are obtained as Cs atoms are present with the repumping laser beams. The total losses PNa and PNa' are acquired by fitting the two loading curves of trapped Na atoms. Thus, the trap loss coefficient Na-Cs can be derived from the difference between total losses PNa and PNa' divided by the density of the Cs atoms. The coefficient Na-Cs decreases in a range of 5-10mW/cm2, which originates from the hyperfine-state changing (HFC) collision. A Doppler model is used to calculate the Na atom trap depth, in that the atom trap depth and exoergic energy determine the behavior of the collisional trap loss rate coefficient. The three corresponding calculated critical intensities of Na trapping laser are 7.98, 14.82, 16.2 mW/cm2 respectively in the Na-Cs HFC collision process. The first calculated critical intensity value agrees well with the experimental result. Our work provides a valuable insight into HFC collision between Na and Cs atoms and also paves the way for the production of ultracold NaCs molecules using Photoassociation (PA) technology. Furthermore, the experimental results lay a great basis for the obtainments of high sensitive heteronuclear NaCs molecular PA spectrum and the creation of deeply bound ground state molecules.
Laser cooling of atoms is the basis of researches on ultracold atoms and molecules. It is of great importance in the study of precision measurement and quantum simulation, etc. In order to obtain ultracold cesium atomic sample with a lower temperature and a higher density, as the starting point to create ultracold cesium ground state molecules, we demonstrate in this article a method which effectively overcomes the heating from the reabsorption of scattered light in magneto-optical trap to further reduce the ultracold atomic temperature by loading atoms into a 3D optical lattices. Based on obtaining the ultracold Cs atoms in a standard magneto-optical trap, we use the compressed magneto-optical trap technology to increase ultracold Cs atomic density. Efficient loading of ultracold Cs atoms is achieved by 3D optical lattices which constructed by four lasers; the temperature of the atoms is measured by time-of-flight method. We observed the cooling result that the temperature drops from ~60.0 μK to ~11.6 μK. We also explore the dependence of the atom numbers in the lattice on the frequency of lattice lasers, and lead to the conclusion that the loading rate of the optical lattices reaches its maximum when the lattices laser’s detuning is –15.5 GHz. In the meantime, this paper investigates the use of optical lattice to suppress the heating of the ultracold atoms due to the radiation photons, in this sense, our research has far-reaching significance. Our scheme is advantageous due to its relaxed starting temperature requirement, meaning that 3D DRSC can be directly accomplished in a standard single cell vapour-loaded MOT without reliance on any additional devices such as a Zeeman slower.