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NATO ASI series. Series B : Physics

Phase-Sensitive Back-Action on a Microscopic System

Vittorio Bagini, P B Lerner, Paolo Tombesi

Published Jan 1, 1992• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-1-4615-3386-3_9

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Back-Action Evasion as an Alternative to Impedance Matching

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Back-action evasion is a measurement technique originally devised to overcome certain limits imposed by quantum mechanics on the sensitivity of gravitational radiation detectors. The technique is, however, more generally applicable and can be used to improve the sensitivity of instrumentation with noise floors much greater than the quantum noise floor. The principle of back-action evasion is described here by means of a simple example. A comparison of back-action evasion with impedance matching is made to clarify when back-action evasion may be useful. Back-action evasion allows one to achieve a sensitivity comparable to that achieved by impedance matching.

Science•Apr 26, 1991•4 citations
The hysteresis curve of the bistable cyclotron motion of a single electron in a magnetic field driven by external microwave radiation is obtained by only varying the phase of a phase-sensitive back-action-evading experimental setup. Thus the steady-state solution of the cyclotron motion includes two branches which could be switched by only changing the phase of the device. This effect is of particular interest as an example of the influence of the noise properties of the measurement apparatus on a microscopic system subjected to measurement.
Limitations on the sensitivity for detecting a weak classical force acting on a harmonic oscillator are imposed by the quantum mechanical properties associated with a "standard" amplitude-and-phase measurement and, classically, by the back reaction noise associated with the finite noise temperature of the amplifier used to process the measurement. These are known as the "standard quantum limit" and the "standard amplifier limit", respectively. We present the theoretical motivation behind the quest to circumvent these limits, and examine a single-transducer back-action evading measurement scheme designed to perform a phase-sensitive coupling to the oscillator, with the concomitant circumvention of the standard amplifier limit via the "squeezing" of amplifier back reaction noise. The applicability of squeezing in the detection of gravitational radiation is explored via the dependence of detection sensitivity on the physical temperature and quality factor of the resonant-bar gravitational radiation antenna, on the noise temperature of the amplifier, and on the squeezing factor of the back-action evading measurement; the success of back-action evasion in improving upon the optimum amplitude-and-phase detection sensitivities depends critically upon these parameters. Using the LSU superconducting dual-cavity accelerometer as a test platform, we present direct evidence for the establishment of a phase-sensitive coupling to an oscillator, along with a variety of indirect corroborating evidence. This data indicates that our phase-sensitive measurement scheme is indeed more sensitive to one component of the oscillator than to the other component. We also present the first evidence for the existence of back-action evasion of amplifier back reaction noise. We show theoretical expectations and experimental results for the dependence of squeezing on: input signal phases, amplitudes, and frequencies; amplifier back reaction levels; background noise; mechanical oscillator frequency; and coherent carrier contribution at the cavity resonance frequency. Squeezing factors of up to fifteen were achieved by our back-action evading measurement scheme.
Back-action evasion is a measurement technique originally devised to overcome certain limits imposed by quantum mechanics on the sensitivity of gravitational radiation detectors. The technique is, however, more generally applicable and can be used to improve the sensitivity of instrumentation with noise floors much greater than the quantum noise floor. The principle of back-action evasion is described here by means of a simple example. A comparison of back-action evasion with impedance matching is made to clarify when back-action evasion may be useful. Back-action evasion allows one to achieve a sensitivity comparable to that achieved by impedance matching.