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Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements

Cesium-133 magneto-optical trap at CENAM

J.M. Romero-Lopez, I. Lopez-Dominguez, E.L. De Carlos, H. Ramirez-Reyes

Published Jun 25, 2003• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

With the aim of developing a cold cesium atom primary frequency standard, a cesium-133 magneto-optical trap (MOT) has been developed at CENAM's Time and Frequency Division. In this paper we present and discuss the main components of the MOT: the optical, vacuum, and mechanical systems.
DOI
10.1109/cpem.2002.1034924

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A Cs-133 Magneto-Optical Trap (MOT) has been developed at the Time and Frequency Division of the Centro Nacional de Metrolog´ CENAM, in Mexico. This MOT is part of a primary frequency standard based on ultra-cold Cs atoms, called CsF-1 clock, under development at CENAM. In this Cs MOT, we use the standard configuration (ae + i ae i ) 4-horizontal 2-vertical laser beams 1.9 cm in diameter, with 5 mW each. We use a 852 nm, 5 mW, DBR laser as a master laser which is stabilized by saturation spectroscopy. Emission linewidth of the master laser is 1 MHz. In order to amplify the light of the master laser, a 50 mW, 852 nm AlGaAs laser is used as slave laser. This slave laser is stabilized by light injection technique. A 12 MHz red shift of the light is performed by two double passes through two Acusto-Optic Modulators (AOMs). The optical part of the CENAMs MOT is very robust against mechanical vibration, acoustic noise and temperature changes in our laboratory, because none of our diode lasers use an extended cavity to reduce the linewidth. In this paper, we report results of our MOT characterization as a function of several operation parameters such as the intensity of laser beams, the laser beam diameter, the red shift of light, and the gradient of the magnetic field. We also report accurate absolute measurement of the number of Cs atoms trapped in our Cs MOT. We found up to6 £ 10 7 Cs atoms trapped in our MOT measured with an uncertainty no greater than 6.4%.
A primary frequency standard based on cold Cs atoms is under development at the Time and Frequency Division of the Centre Nacional de Metrologia, CENAM. A Cs magneto-optical trap has been developed using the standard sigma+sigma$4-horizontal 2-vertical laser beams of 1.9 cm in diameter, with 5 mW each. We use 852 nm, 5 mW, DBR laser as a master laser which is stabilized by saturation spectroscopy. Linewidth of the master laser is 1 MHz. A 50 mW, 852 nm, semiconductor laser is used as slave laser in order to amplify the light of the master laser. The slave laser is stabilized by injection light technique. 12 MHz red shift of the light is performed by double pass through two AOM's. In this paper we present some preliminary results of our MOT characterization as function of MOT's parameters such as intensity of laser beams and gradient of the magnetic field.
An atomic cesium fountain has been designed for a new primary standard of frequency in China. Cold atomic clouds collected in the magneto-optical trap (MOT) were previously reported (1995). To further improve the performance of the MOT we have optimized the laser-optical system and operation of the MOT. Some optical elements were replaced with new ones with better quality; frequency stabilization of lasers and arrangement of the optical system was modified; and polarization maintaining (PM) optical fibers were adopted to transfer lights from the optical system to MOT. We also installed the fluorescence detecting - amplifying assembles to take the time of flight (TOF) measurement of the cold atoms.
At the moment the National Center of Metrology (CENAM) develops to the necessary technology for the creation of a frequency standard of high accuracy denominated CsF1 atomic fountain. The first stage of development of this clock consists of laser cooling and trapping neutral Cs-133 atoms. The mechanism of laser cooling and trapping of atoms requires of the accomplishment of a magneto-optical trap (MOT) in where is indispensable to maintain a strict control in its parameters of operation. In this experiment, the MOT operates with three set of red detuning |62s1/2, F=4|-> |62s3/2, F'=5| cyclical transition of Cs-133, mutually orthogonal, counterpropagating laser beams, with opposite circular polarization, intersecting at the center of a magnetic field which is generated by a pair of coil in anti-Helmholtz configuration. Additionally, a beam of light that comes from a repumping laser, tuned to the frequency of the |62s1/2, F=3|->|62s3/2, F'=4| transition of Cs-133, is injected to the MOT to maintain an atoms population in the |62s1/2, F=4| state. To cool and trap atoms to so low temperatures, of the order of the microkelvins on the zero absolute, by several seconds, minutes or even by several hours, provided the fundamentals tools to us to study the temporal and spatial behavior of the fluorescence of the atomic cloud and to make exact measurements in the count of such, in order to deduce the parameters of operation of the MOT that allows us to trap 1010 atoms or more. In this work the theoretical concepts as well as the experimental details of the parameters of operation of the MOT for the formation of the cold atom cloud are approached.
Our laboratory has been developing an atomic reference system in which an ensemble of cold atoms of cesium is produced already in the center of a microwave cavity. The timeline of the project is divided in three parts: proof of principle with an antenna, design of a microwave cavity with viewports to produce the magneto-optical trap (MOT) and a movable system with all the parts embedded in a single package. In this work we present the first two parts of the global project with some relevant aspects for the construction of this compact frequency standard.