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IOS Press eBooks

Three topics in quantum communication: error filtration, quantum string flipping, photon pair generation in periodically poled twin hole fibers

Serge Massar, Kien Phan Huy, Edouard Brainis, A-T. Nguyen, Marc Haelterman, Philippe Emplit, Nicolas J. Cerf, L.-P. Lamoureux, David Amans, Costantino Corbari, Albert Canagasabey, Morten Ibsen, Peter G. Kazansky, Andrei A. Fotiadi, Patrice Mégret, Olivier Deparis

Published Jul 15, 2007• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We briefly present three topics in quantum communication. First of all a method, called error filtration, to reduce errors during quantum communication. We apply this method to quantum cryptography in a noisy environment, and describe an experimental realisation thereof. Second we describe an experimental realisation of quantum string flipping, in which two parties that do not trust each other want to generate a string of random bits. Finally we present the experimental realisation of a source of photon pairs at telecommunication wavelengths based on parametric fluorescence in periodically poled twin hole fibers.

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We briefly present three topics in quantum communication. First of all a method, called error filtration, to reduce errors during quantum communication. We apply this method to quantum cryptography in a noisy environment, and describe an experimental realisation thereof. Second we describe an experimental realisation of quantum string flipping, in which two parties that do not trust each other want to generate a string of random bits. Finally we present the experimental realisation of a source of photon pairs at telecommunication wavelengths based on parametric fluorescence in periodically poled twin hole fibers.
We show how the techniques developed for long distance quantum key distribution in op-tical fibers can be used to demonstrate other quantum information processing and com-munication protocols. We present a fiber optics realization of the Deutsch-Jozsa and Bernstein-Vazirani algorithms. We describe a method, called ”error filtration”, for re-ducing errors in quantum communication channels, and present an experimental imple-mentation thereof. We discuss the cryptographic primitive of string flipping, and present an experimental implementation which has higher security than achievable using any classical protocol.
Coin tossing is a cryptographic task in which two parties who do not trust each other aim to generate a common random bit. Using classical communication this is impossible, but nontrivial coin tossing is possible using quantum communication. Here we consider the case when the parties do not want to toss a single coin, but many. This is called bit-string generation. We report the experimental generation of strings of coins which are provably more random than achievable using classical communication. The experiment is based on the "plug and play" scheme developed for quantum cryptography, and therefore well suited for long distance quantum communication.
Error filtration is a method for encoding the quantum state of a single particle into a higher dimensional Hilbert space in such a way that it becomes less sensitive to noise. We have realized a fiber optics demonstration of this method and illustrated its potentialities by carrying out the optical part of a quantum key distribution scheme over a line whose phase noise is too high for a standard implementation of BB84 to be secure. By filtering out the noise, a bit error rate of 15.3% +/- 0.1%, which is beyond the security limit, can be reduced to 10.6% +/- 0.1%, thereby guaranteeing the cryptographic security.
For any communication, the conveyed information must be carried by some physical system. If this system is a quantum system rather than a classical one, its behavior will be governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. Hence, the properties of quantum mechanics, such as superpositions and entanglement, are accessible, opening up new possibilities for transferring information. The exploration of these possibilities constitutes the field of quantum communication. The key ingredient in quantum communication is the qubit, a bit that can be in any superposition of 0 and 1, and that is carried by a quantum state. One possible physical realization of these quantum states is to use single photons. Hence, to explore the possibilities of optical quantum communication, photonic quantum states must be generated, transmitted, characterized, and detected with high precision. This thesis begins with the first of these steps: the implementation of single-photon sources generating photonic qubits. The sources are based on photon-pair generation in nonlinear crystals, and designed to be compatible with fiber optical communication systems. To ensure such a compatibility and to create a high-quality source, a theoretical analysis is made, optimizing the coupling of the photons into optical fibers. Based on the theoretical analysis, a heralded single-photon source and a two-crystal source of entangled photons-pairs are experimentally implemented. The source of entangled photons is further developed into a compact source with a narrow bandwidth compatible with standard telecommunication wavelength-division multiplexers, and even further developed to a more stable one-crystal source. The sources are to be used for quantum communication in general and quantum cryptography in particular. Specifically, a heralded single-photon source is implemented and then used for a full test of a decoy-state quantum cryptography protocol.
At the heart of quantum physics lies the principle of superposition, and at the heart of information theory lies the bit. Perhaps the most useful property of quantum systems is that they can be loaded with information bits, so-called qubits, that are indefinitely both 0 and 1 until a measurement is made. Another consequence is that several qubits can become entangled, which is manifested by the non-classical correlations between such quantum systems when measured in all possible bases. Within the rapidly progressing fields of quantum information and quantum communication these quantum effects are utilized to perform tasks such as quantum computing and quantum cryptography. In this thesis we present experimental and theoretical work using single photon sources to prepare ``flying'' photonic qubits. We describe work using mainly quasi-phase-matched nonlinear crystals to generate beams of entangled photon pairs, that are either encoded in polarization at near-visible wavelengths, or in time at optical fiber telecommunication wavelengths (1550 nm). The optical fiber is the medium used for transporting the qubits over a long distance, and it is therefore essential to couple the photons well into the fibers. By focusing the beams optimally, we have investigated how this problem can meet the requirement of creating photons of a narrow frequency bandwidth and a high photon flux. Furthermore, we have generated truly single photons that are heralded by an electrical signal. As a result of modifying the statistics of such sources we have been able to show the effect of photon antibunching. In two separate works, we have implemented a quantum key distribution system based on faint laser pulses at the telecom wavelength of 1550 nm, as well as protocols based on entanglement for performing authentication of key distribution in quantum cryptography.
We present observations of quasi-phase matched parametric fluorescence in a periodically poled twin-hole silica fiber. The phase matching condition in the fiber enables the generation of a degenerate signal field in the fiber-optic communication band centered on 1556 nm. We performed coincidence measurements and a Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment to validate that the signal arises from photon pairs. A coincidence peak with a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 4 using 43 mW of pump power and a Hong-Ou-Mandel dip showing 40% net visibility were measured. Moreover, the experiments were performed with standard single mode fibers spliced at both ends of the poled section, which makes this source easy to integrate in fiber-optic quantum communication applications.