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Fortschritte der Physik

Quantum Computation Using Quantum Dot Spins and Microcavities

Ataç İmamoğlu

Published Sep 1, 2000• 25 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The coherence times of conduction-band electronic spins are typically several orders of magnitude longer than other relevant timescales. A solid-state quantum computer based on localized electron spins as qubits is therefore of potential interest. Here, a scheme that realizes controlled interactions between two distant quantum dot spins is reviewed. The effective long-range interaction is mediated by the vacuum field of a high finesse microcavity. By using spin-flip Raman transitions induced by classical laser fields and the cavity-mode, parallel controlled-not operations and arbitrary single qubit rotations can be realized.PACS: 03.67.Lx, 42.50.Dv, 03.65.Bz

DOI
10.1002/1521-3978(200009)48:9/11<987::aid-prop987>3.0.co;2-f

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The coherence times of conduction-band electronic spins are typically several orders of magnitude longer than other relevant timescales. A solid-state quantum computer based on localized electron spins as qubits is therefore of potential interest. Here, a scheme that realizes controlled interactions between two distant quantum dot spins is reviewed. The effective long-range interaction is mediated by the vacuum field of a high finesse microcavity. By using spin-flip Raman transitions induced by classical laser fields and the cavity-mode, parallel controlled-not operations and arbitrary single qubit rotations can be realized.PACS: 03.67.Lx, 42.50.Dv, 03.65.Bz
The electronic spin degrees of freedom in semiconductors typically have decoherence times that are several orders of magnitude longer than other relevant time scales. A solid-state quantum computer based on localized electron spins as qubits is therefore of potential interest. Here, a scheme that realizes controlled interactions between two distant quantum dot spins is proposed. The effective long-range interaction is mediated by the vacuum field of a high finesse microcavity. By using conduction-band-hole Raman transitions induced by classical laser fields and the cavity-mode, parallel controlled-not operations, and arbitrary single qubit rotations can be realized.
Single spins in semiconductor quantum dots form a promising platform for solid-state quantum information processing. The spin-up and spin-down states of a single electron or hole, trapped inside a quantum dot, can represent a single qubit with a reasonably long decoherence time. The spin qubit can be optically coupled to excited (charged exciton) states that are also trapped in the quantum dot, which provides a mechanism to quickly initialize, manipulate and measure the spin state with optical pulses, and to interface between a stationary matter qubit and a 'flying' photonic qubit for quantum communication and distributed quantum information processing. The interaction of the spin qubit with light may be enhanced by placing the quantum dot inside a monolithic microcavity. An entire system, consisting of a two-dimensional array of quantum dots and a planar microcavity, may plausibly be constructed by modern semiconductor nano-fabrication technology and could offer a path toward chip-sized scalable quantum repeaters and quantum computers. This article reviews the recent experimental developments in optical control of single quantum dot spins for quantum information processing. We highlight demonstrations of a complete set of all-optical single-qubit operations on a single quantum dot spin: initialization, an arbitrary SU(2) gate, and measurement. We review the decoherence and dephasing mechanisms due to hyperfine interaction with the nuclear-spin bath, and show how the single-qubit operations can be combined to perform spin echo sequences that extend the qubit decoherence from a few nanoseconds to several microseconds, more than 5 orders of magnitude longer than the single-qubit gate time. Two-qubit coupling is discussed, both within a single chip by means of exchange coupling of nearby spins and optically induced geometric phases, as well as over longer-distances. Long-distance spin-spin entanglement can be generated if each spin can emit a photon that is entangled with the spin, and these photons are then interfered. We review recent work demonstrating entanglement between a stationary spin qubit and a flying photonic qubit. These experiments utilize the polarization- and frequency-dependent spontaneous emission from the lowest charged exciton state to single spin Zeeman sublevels.
We describe a method for implementing deterministic quantum gates between two spin qubits separated by centimeters. Qubits defined by the singlet and triplet states of two exchange coupled quantum dots have recently been shown to possess long coherence times. When the effective nuclear fields in the two asymmetric quantum dots are different, total spin will no longer be a good quantum number and there will be a large electric dipole coupling between the two qubit states. We show that when such a double-quantum-dot qubit is embedded in a superconducting microstrip cavity, the strong coupling regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics lies within reach. Virtual photons in a common cavity mode could mediate coherent interactions between two distant qubits embedded in the same structure; the range of this two-qubit interaction is determined by the wavelength of the microwave transition.
We describe a fast quantum computer based on optically controlled electron spins in charged quantum dots that are coupled to microcavities. This scheme uses broadband optical pulses to rotate electron spins and provide the clock signal to the system. Nonlocal two-qubit gates are performed by phase shifts induced by electron spins on laser pulses propagating along a shared waveguide. Numerical simulations of this scheme demonstrate high-fidelity single-qubit and two-qubit gates with operation times comparable to the inverse Zeeman frequency.
The Heisenberg exchange interaction between neighboring quantum dots allows precise voltage control over spin dynamics, due to the ability to precisely control the overlap of orbital wavefunctions by gate electrodes. This allows the study of fundamental electronic phenomena and finds applications in quantum information processing. Although spin-based quantum circuits based on short-range exchange interactions are possible, the development of scalable, longer-range coupling schemes constitutes a critical challenge within the spin-qubit community. Approaches based on capacitative coupling and cavity-mediated interactions effectively couple spin qubits to the charge degree of freedom, making them susceptible to electrically-induced decoherence. The alternative is to extend the range of the Heisenberg exchange interaction by means of a quantum mediator. Here, we show that a multielectron quantum dot with 50-100 electrons serves as an excellent mediator, preserving speed and coherence of the resulting spin-spin coupling while providing several functionalities that are of practical importance. These include speed (mediated two-qubit rates up to several gigahertz), distance (of order of a micrometer), voltage control, possibility of sweet spot operation (reducing susceptibility to charge noise), and reversal of the interaction sign (useful for dynamical decoupling from noise).