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Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference

Coupled Maxwell-pseudospin equations for modelling 2D self-induced transparency effects in semiconductor microcavities

Gabriela M. Slavcheva, John M. Arnold, Iain D. Wallace

Published Jun 25, 2003• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Summary form only given. Coupled semiclassical Maxwell-Bloch equations are originally derived, based on the generalized pseudospin formalism for description of the dynamics of the resonant coherent interactions of ultrashort light pulses with degenerate three-level quantum system in 2D. The full-wave vector Maxwell equations are considered to be coupled to the three-level atom model for the active medium, therefore two distinct sets of pseudospin equations are derived corresponding to the TM and TE optical waves. In order to account for the polarization induced both along the propagation axis and in transverse direction in two spatial dimensions, we introduce a dipole-coupling interaction Hamiltonian allowing Rabi flopping of the population difference along and perpendicular to the propagation axis with frequencies depending on the corresponding field components. Relationship between the polarisation induced and the state vector components, describing the population difference dynamics, is derived in order to couple the quantum system equations to the Maxwell's curl equations. The pseudospin equations are phenomenologically extended to include relaxation effects.

DOI
10.1109/qels.2002.1031319

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Summary form only given. Coupled semiclassical Maxwell-Bloch equations are originally derived, based on the generalized pseudospin formalism for description of the dynamics of the resonant coherent interactions of ultrashort light pulses with degenerate three-level quantum system in 2D. The full-wave vector Maxwell equations are considered to be coupled to the three-level atom model for the active medium, therefore two distinct sets of pseudospin equations are derived corresponding to the TM and TE optical waves. In order to account for the polarization induced both along the propagation axis and in transverse direction in two spatial dimensions, we introduce a dipole-coupling interaction Hamiltonian allowing Rabi flopping of the population difference along and perpendicular to the propagation axis with frequencies depending on the corresponding field components. Relationship between the polarisation induced and the state vector components, describing the population difference dynamics, is derived in order to couple the quantum system equations to the Maxwell's curl equations. The pseudospin equations are phenomenologically extended to include relaxation effects.
We extend to more than one spatial dimension the semiclassical full-wave vector Maxwell-Bloch equations for the purpose of achieving an adequate and rigorous description of ultrashort pulse propagation in optical waveguides containing resonant nonlinearities. Our considerations are based on the generalized pseudospin formalism introduced by Hioe and Eberly [Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 838 (1981)] for treatment of the resonant coherent interactions of ultrashort light pulses with discrete-multilevel systems. A self-consistent set of coupled curl Maxwell-pseudospin equations in two spatial dimensions and time for the special case of a degenerate three-level system of quantum absorbers is originally derived. Maxwell's curl equations are considered to be coupled via macroscopic medium polarization to the three-level atom model for the resonant medium. Two distinct sets of pseudospin equations are obtained corresponding to the TE- and TM-polarized optical waves. For the case of TM polarization, the electromagnetic wave is polarized in a general direction in the plane of incidence inducing two dipole transitions in a degenerate three-level system by each E-field component along the propagation axis and in transverse direction. We introduce a dipole-coupling interaction Hamiltonian allowing Rabi flopping of the population difference along and perpendicular to the propagation axis with frequencies depending on the corresponding field components. The relationship between the induced polarization and the state vector components that describe the evolution of the discrete-level system is derived in order to couple the quantum system equations to the Maxwell's curl equations. The pseudospin equations are phenomenologically extended to include relaxation effects by introducing nonuniform decay times corresponding to the various dipole transitions occurring in a three-level system. The system has been discretized using finite differences on a Yee grid and solved numerically by an iterative predictor-corrector finite-difference time-domain method. Self-induced transparency soliton propagation through a degenerate three-level quantum system of absorbers in two spatial dimensions and time is demonstrated in planar parallel-mirror waveguide geometries.
We propose and develop a method for theoretical description of circularly (elliptically) polarized optical pulse resonant coherent interactions with two-level atoms. The method is based on the time-evolution equations of a two-level quantum system in the presence of a time-dependent dipole perturbation for electric dipole transitions between states with total angular-momentum projection difference $(\ensuremath{\Delta}{J}_{z}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)$ excited by a circularly polarized electromagnetic field [Feynman et al., J. Appl. Phys. 28, 49 (1957)]. The adopted real-vector representation approach allows for coupling with the vectorial Maxwell's equations for the optical wave propagation and thus the resulting Maxwell pseudospin equations can be numerically solved in the time domain without any approximations. The model permits a more exact study of the ultrafast coherent pulse propagation effects taking into account the vector nature of the electromagnetic field and hence the polarization state of the optical excitation. We demonstrate self-induced transparency effects and formation of polarized solitons. The model represents a qualitative extension of the well-known optical Maxwell-Bloch equations valid for linearly polarized light and a tool for studying coherent quantum control mechanisms.
The authors develop and apply a novel group-theoretical approach for studying the coherent dynamics of ultrashort pulse propagation in nonlinear optical waveguides and passive semiconductor microresonators. The resonant nonlinearity is modeled by a degenerate three-level system of saturable absorbers in order to allow for a two-dimensional medium polarization. The resulting Maxwell-pseudospin equations are solved in the time domain using the finite-difference time-domain method. Conditions of onset of the self-induced transparency (SIT) regime of propagation are investigated. Numerical evidence of multidimensional solitons localized both in space and in time is given for the planar optical waveguides. Pattern formation and cavity SIT-soliton formation are demonstrated for a passive semiconductor microcavity filled with saturable absorbers.
A new model for rigorous theoretical description of circularly (elliptically) polarized ultrashort optical pulse interactions with singly charged quantum dots embedded in semiconductor optical waveguides and microcavities is proposed. The method is based on self-consistent solution in the time domain of the vector Maxwell equations coupled via microscopic polarization to the coherent time-evolution equations of a discrete N-level quantum system in terms of the real pseudospin (coherence) vector. The model is applied to a 4-level system describing the optical dipole transitions of the trion state in a singly charged quantum dot. Selective optical excitation of specific spin states by predefined helicity of the optical field and an onset of self-induced transparency and polarized soliton formation in the nonlinear regime are numerically demonstrated
A theory of dispersive soliton of the self-induced transparency in a medium consisting of atoms or semiconductor quantum dots of two types is considered. A two-component medium is modeled by a set of two-level atoms of two types embedded into a conductive host material. These types of atoms correspond to passive atoms (attenuator atoms) and active atoms (amplifier atoms) with inverse population of the energetic levels. The complete solution is given of the Maxwell--Bloch equations for ensembles of two-type atoms with different parameters and different initial conditions by inverse scattering transform. The solutions of the Maxwell--Bloch equations for many-component atomic systems by inverse scattering transform are also discussed. The influence of the difference between dipole moments of atoms, the longitudinal and transverse relaxation times, pumping, and conductivity on the soliton is taken into account by means of perturbation theory. The memory effects are described in terms of generalized non-Markovian optical Bloch equations. The condition of a balance between the energy supplied and lost is obtained.
A generalized Bloch-Maxwell formulation for laser-field-coupled semiconductors is derived from a two-band model which includes direct Coulomb interactions. The momentum-dependent, microscopic, electron-hole equations of motion in the time-dependent Hartree-Fock approximation and neglecting interband exchange interactions form the starting point for the formulation. A self-consistent set of coupled equations in four dynamical variables for the medium, together with the electric-field amplitude coupled through the Maxwell wave equation in a semiclassical approximation, are obtained to lowest order in the coherent Coulomb exchange interaction and the density-of-states distribution. Intrinsic optical bistability is predicted in a steady state due to a carrier density-dependent redshift of the band edge due explicitly to coherent Coulomb exchange. Integration of the dynamical equations for conditions which correspond to the ultrafast time regime exhibit intrinsic adiabatic inversion, adiabatic following, anomalous Rabi cycling, and unique, as well as fast, optical switching, all of which depend upon the coherent Coulomb exchange interaction.