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Journal de Physique I

Properties of Fermi liquids with a finite range interaction

Philippe Nozières

Published Apr 1, 1992• 157 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Following a suggestion of Khodel' and Shaginyan (KS), it is shown that a Hartree Fock description of Fermi liquids can lead to very strange results when the interaction has long range. For instance, the sharp drop of particle distribution at the Fermi level can be smeared over a finite $k$-range, with a flat plateau in the quasiparticle energy. In practice, such an effect appears as an artefact of the Hartree Fock approximation. The KS effect occurs only for an attraction, in which case it is hidden by superconductivity. Moreover, the enhanced quasiparticle collision rate makes the Hartree Fock approximation untenable. Finally, screening of a strong long range interaction is such that the instability threshold cannot be reached.

DOI
10.1051/jp1:1992156

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Following a suggestion of Khodel' and Shaginyan (KS), it is shown that a Hartree Fock description of Fermi liquids can lead to very strange results when the interaction has long range. For instance, the sharp drop of particle distribution at the Fermi level can be smeared over a finite kkk-range, with a flat plateau in the quasiparticle energy. In practice, such an effect appears as an artefact of the Hartree Fock approximation. The KS effect occurs only for an attraction, in which case it is hidden by superconductivity. Moreover, the enhanced quasiparticle collision rate makes the Hartree Fock approximation untenable. Finally, screening of a strong long range interaction is such that the instability threshold cannot be reached.
We examine the low-energy behavior of two-dimensional electrons with current-current interactions. The interactions are long range, cannot be screened, and result in anomalies in perturbation theory. In the Hartree-Fock theory, we find an instability of the Landau Fermi-liquid state resulting in ``fermion-condensate'' states with a high degeneracy of levels at the Fermi energy. This degeneracy may be removed to give a Fermi-liquid state with vanishing Fermi velocity. As an example, we investigate further the Fermi-liquid state with the quasiparticle spectrum \ensuremath{\epsilon}(p)\ensuremath{\propto}(p-pF{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{F}}pF​)3/2{)}^{3/2})3/2 proposed by Halperin et al. Application of the recent Haldane scheme of bosonization in higher dimensions to this state leads to coupling between bosons, which has the form required for a breakdown of the Landau Fermi-liquid behavior. A generalized form of the Luttinger liquid is obtained.
This chapter first studies the interaction effect of a Fermi sea on a single particle propagator and the related phenomenon of orthogonality catastrophe in X-ray spectrum. It then looks at a weakly interacting Fermi gas using Hartree–Fock approximation and introduces the notion of Fermi liquid. It discusses the concept and the appearance of quasiparticle in Fermi liquid. In addition to the standard quasiparticle description of Fermi liquid, the chapter also introduces a hydrodynamic description of Fermi liquid, which can be viewed as higher dimensional bosonization. Using the spin-density-wave state as an example, it then discusses how interaction can cause instability of Fermi liquid and generate a symmetry breaking phase transition to a spin ordered phase. Several theoretical methods, such as mean-field theory, variatonal approach, and RPA method are introduced within the interacting fermion systems. The low energy O(3) non-linear sigma model for the spin ordered phase is derived, where close attention has been paid to the possible topological terms in the non-linear sigma model. The effect of topological terms on the low energy dynamics of spin waves is discussed.
Fermions interacting via a long-range repulsive potential are considered in D spatial dimensions, where 1D\ensuremath{\le}2. The standard screening picture is found to break down, i.e., the screened effective interaction cannot be treated as instantaneous. For a bare potential which behaves at long distances as ${\mathit{r}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}(2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{D})}$ [as ln r in two dimensions (2D)] and within the random-phase approximation, the retardation effects induce an infrared catastrophe that changes the Fermi liquid into a Luttinger liquid in which the occupation number in momentum space is continuous across the Fermi surface. In 2D, the quantum liquid which we investigate may be called a ``Z=0 Fermi liquid'' (where Z is the strength of the quasiparticle pole at the Fermi surface) since the electron propagator has an isolated pole with a constant residue that scales to zero as the size of the system increases to infinity. For 1D2, the quantum liquid resembles the 1D Luttinger liquid as the single-particle propagator exhibits a branch cut structure. Moreover, we present a ground-state wave function which reproduces the Luttinger-liquid exponent of the momentum distribution near the Fermi surface.
We study in this paper the effect of weak, short-ranged interaction on disordered metals. Through analyzing the interaction matrix elements between different eigenstates of the noninteracting and corresponding Hartree-Fock single-particle Hamiltonian, we argue that as a result of localized single-particle eigenstates around the Fermi surface, the quasiparticle states on the Fermi surface are unstable toward formation of magnetic moments for arbitrary weak (but finite) repulsive interaction in the thermodynamic limit. This is a mechanism very different from the case of strong interaction $U\ensuremath{\sim}{W}_{B}$ (WB={W}_{B}=WB​= bandwidth) or the quantum Griffiths effect where local moments are formed at small localized regions where coupling to the surrounding is weak. Numerical simulations are performed to verify our analysis. We further propose within a Landau Fermi-liquid-type framework that our result is applicable for general electronic systems with weak, short-ranged interaction as long as the quasiparticle states exist and are localized. An analogous result is obtained for attractive interaction, suggesting that Fermi glass state is intrinsically unstable in arbitrary dimension.
This article gives a fairly detailed survey of some of the problems raised when the interaction energy fσσ'kk' between 2 fermionic quasiparticles (in 2 dimensions) is singular when ∣k‾−k‾′∣→0|\underline{k}-\underline{k}'|\to 0∣k​−k​′∣→0. Before dealing with singular interactions, it is shown how a non-singular fσσ'kk' leads to a 2-dimensional Fermi liquid theory, which is internally consistent, at least as far as its infrared properties are concerned. The quasiparticle properties are calculated in detail. The question of whether singular interactions arise for the dilute Fermi gas, with short-range repulsive interactions, is investigated perturbatively. One finds a weak singularity in fσσ'kk', when the dimensionality D = 2, but it does not destabilize the Fermi liquid. A more sophisticated analysis is then given, to all orders in the interaction, using the Lippman-Schwinger equation as well as a phase shift analysis for a finite box. The conclusion is that any breakdown of Fermi liquid theory must come from non-perturbative effects. An examination is then made of some of the consequences arising if a singular interaction is introduced — the form proposed by Anderson is used as an example. A hierarchy of singular terms arise in all quantities — this is shown for the self-energy, and also the 3–point and 4–point scattering functions. These may be summed in a perfectly consistent manner. Most attention is given to the particle-hole channel, since it appears to lead to results different from those of Anderson. Nevertheless it appears that it is possible to derive a sensible theory starting from a singular effective Hamiltonian — although Fermi Liquid theory breaks down, all fermionic quantities may be calculated consistently. Finally, the effect of a magnetic field (which cuts off the infrared divergences) is investigated, and the de Haas-van Alphen amplitude calculated, for such a singular Fermionic system.
In this letter we consider DDD-dimensional interacting Fermi liquids, and demonstrate that an attractive interaction with a finite range RsR_sRs​ that is much greater than the Fermi wavelength λFλ_FλF​ breaks the conventional BCS theory of superconductivity. In contrast to the BCS prediction of a finite superconducting gap for all attractive contact interactions, we show that a finite-range interaction does not induce a superconducting gap. Instead, the pair susceptibility develops a power-law singularity at zero momentum and zero frequency signaling quantum critical behavior without long-range ordering. Starting from this, we show that superconductivity can be stabilized by adding a short-range attractive interaction, which is always present in real electronic systems. As an example, we consider a layered quasi-two-dimensional material with attractive electron-electron interactions mediated by optical phonons. We demonstrate a dome shape of the critical temperature TcT_cTc​ versus doping, strongly suppressed isotope effect, and a weak dependence of the optimal doping and maximal Tc∗∼0.1EFT_c^* \sim 0.1 E_FTc∗​∼0.1EF​ on the interaction range at Rs≫λFR_s \gg λ_FRs​≫λF​, EFE_FEF​ is the Fermi energy. We believe that these results could be relevant to high-temperature superconductors.