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Multi-Photon Quantum Key Distribution Based on Double-Lock Encryption

Kam Wai Clifford Chan, Mayssaa El Rifai, Pramode K. Verma, Subhash C. Kak, Yuhua Chen

Published Jan 1, 2015• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a quantum key distribution protocol based on the double-lock cryptography. It exploits the asymmetry in the detection strategies between the legitimate users and the eavesdropper. With coherent states, the mean photon number can be as larger as 10.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_qels.2015.ff1a.3

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This paper presents a multi-stage, multi-photon quantum key distribution protocol based on the double-lock cryptography.It exploits the asymmetry in the detection strategies between the legitimate users and the eavesdropper.The security analysis of the protocol is presented with coherent states under the interceptresend attack, the photon number splitting attack, and the man-in-the-middle attack.It is found that the mean photon number can be much larger 1.This complements the recent interest in multi-photon quantum communication protocols that require a pre-shared key between the legitimate users.
Like all of quantum information theory, quantum cryptography is traditionally based on two-level quantum systems. In this paper, a protocol for quantum key distribution based on higher-dimensional systems is presented. An experimental realization using an interferometric setup is also proposed. Analyzing this protocol from the practical side, one finds an increased key creation rate while keeping the initial laser pulse rate constant. Analyzing it for the case of intercept/resend eavesdropping strategy, an increased error rate is found compared to two-dimensional systems, hence an advantage for the legitimate users to detect an eavesdropper.
Quantum cryptography was designed to provide a new approach to the problem of distributing keys for private-key cryptography. The principal idea is that security can be ensured by exploiting the laws of quantum physics and, in particular, by the fact that any attempt to measure a quantum state will change it uncontrollably. This change can be detected by the legitimate users of the communication channel and so reveal to them the presence of an eavesdropper. In this paper I explain (briefly) how quantum key distribution works and some of the progress that has been made towards making this a viable technology. With the principles of quantum communication and quantum key distribution firmly established, it is perhaps time to consider how efficient it can be made. It is interesting to ask, in particular, how many bits of information might reasonably be encoded securely on each photon. The use of photons entangled in their time of arrival might make it possible to achieve data rates in excess of 10 bits per photon.
A new family of two-parameter quantum key distribution protocols is discussed where eavesdropping is detected by using two parameters: bit error rate Q and photon count rate q in control time slots. When a single-photon source is used and mutually orthogonal states are prepared in each basis, the protocol’s maximum tolerable error rate for secure key distribution is the highest, reaching a theoretical upper limit of 50%. When the signal states emitted by the source of attenuated laser light include multiphoton coherent states, the protocol also guarantees secure key distribution over the longest distance as compared to other quantum cryptography systems, up to the channel length for which the channel losses are sufficiently high that all five-photon pulses can be blocked by an eavesdropper.
Quantum key distribution has been a relatively recent addition to data security and integrity. It is based on advanced ideas that emanate from Quantum theory. Additionally, the optical network and the quantum photon provide a formidable basis for the application of quantum key distribution. We propose a new way of distributing encryption keys over quantum channels. The proposed method takes advantage of dual quantum channels between the communicating entities and complementary measuring bases in order to improve the efficiency with which the keys can be exchanged.