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Quantum Cryptographic Key Distribution Protocols.

Lelde Lāce, Oksana Scegulnaja-Dubrovska, Ramuns Usovs, Agnese Zalcmane

Published Jan 1, 2006• 5 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Abstract The application of the principles of quantum mechanics to cryptography has led to a respectable new dimension in confidential communication. As a result of these developments, it is now possible to construct cryptographic communication systems which detect unauthorized eavesdropping should it occur, and which give a incontestable guarantee of no eavesdropping should it not occur. Here several protocols for such communication systems are explored. We first examine quantum bit commitment protocols which are proven as not being unconditionally secure, then, we take a look at proposed protocols which are constructed to disprove the proofs claiming that unconditionally secure quantum bit commitment protocols are impossible.

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Abstract The application of the principles of quantum mechanics to cryptography has led to a respectable new dimension in confidential communication. As a result of these developments, it is now possible to construct cryptographic communication systems which detect unauthorized eavesdropping should it occur, and which give a incontestable guarantee of no eavesdropping should it not occur. Here several protocols for such communication systems are explored. We first examine quantum bit commitment protocols which are proven as not being unconditionally secure, then, we take a look at proposed protocols which are constructed to disprove the proofs claiming that unconditionally secure quantum bit commitment protocols are impossible.
The recent application of the principles of quantum mechanics to cryptography has led to a remarkable new dimension in secret communication. As a result of these new developments, it is now possible to construct cryptographic communication systems which detect unauthorized eavesdropping should it occur, and which give a guarantee of no eavesdropping should it not occur. CONTENTS P3. Cryptographic systems before quantum cryptography P7. Preamble to quantum cryptography P10. The BB84 quantum cryptographic protocol without noise P16. The BB84 quantum cryptographic protocol with noise P19..The B92 quantum cryptographic protocol P21. EPR quantum cryptographic protocols P25. Other protocols P25. Eavesdropping stategies and counter measures P26. Conclusion P29. Appendix A. The no cloning theorem P30. Appendix B. Proof that an undetectable eavesdropper can obtain no information from the B92 protocol P31. Appendix C. Part of a Rosetta stone for quantum mechanics P44. References
The recent application of the principles of quantum mechanics to cryptography has led to a remarkable new dimension in secret communication.Quantum Cryptography uses the principles of Quantum Mechanics to implement a cryptographic system.The key problem which is solved by using quantum techniques is that of eavesdropping detection.Conventional secret-key cryptography techniques require the communication of a secret key prior to message exchange.Quantum principles can be used to detect eavesdropping probabilistically when it occurs.The bits are represented as qubits, physically modeled by photons, and communicated over a quantum channel.The polarization states of photons represent 0's and 1's.As a result of these new developments, it is now possible to construct cryptographic communication systems which detect unauthorized eavesdropping should it occur, and which give a guarantee of no eavesdropping should it not occur.
Data transmission has always been vulnerable to eavesdropping.Conventional cryptography has provided security in data communication, however it has some limitations when dealing with passive eavesdropping.Recently, the quantum mechanics has made a remarkable entry in the field of data communication.Now, it is possible to construct cryptographic communication systems which detect unauthorized eavesdropping and guarantee its prevention.Several protocols have been devised to implement such systems e.g., BB84, B92 and EPR.The famous BB84 protocol describes quantum encryption in terms of polarization states of a photon.The secret information is t ransmitted via secure quantum channel followed by a public conversation for verification and reconciliation.The B92 protocol is an extension of BB84 which shows how photons with non-orthogonal states can be used to distribute a secret key.The EPR protocol utilizes an entangled photon pair for encryption-one photon from this pair is transmitted towards the destination while keeping the other at the source; the destination photon describes the state of the source photon, failing to which confirms the intrusion.This paper presents a study of these protocols and a review on the recent developments in the field of secure quantum transmission.
The emergence of quantum computing has provided new paradigms for cryptography. On the one hand, it poses significant new threats to existing classically cryptographic systems, requiring the community to define new security models that capture what a quantum adversary can do. On the other hand, it gives us new tools to design cryptographic protocols, with weaker assumptions than in the classical world, or even protocols that are impossible classically. In this survey, we first give an overview of new security definitions for classical cryptography, considering quantum adversaries who can either only use local quantum computation (post-quantum security), or even send quantum messages and in particular have access to oracle in superposition (quantum security). We explore these new notions through the examples of commitments, zero-knowledge proofs, encryption, and signatures. Then, we present what is arguably the most famous application of quantum cryptography: quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols that take advantage of unique properties of quantum mechanics to provide secure communication unconditionally. We also explore cryptography beyond QKD, focusing on unclonable cryptography: a family of cryptographic functionalities, built with quantum states, and designed to be resistant to counterfeit by leveraging the “no-cloning” theorem. We examine in particular quantum money, but also the recent notions of unclonable encryption and copy-protection, including related variants. By presenting a comprehensive survey of these topics, this paper aims to provide a thorough understanding of the current landscape and future potential of quantum cryptography.
It is generally believed that unconditionally secure quantum bit commitment is impossible, due to widespread acceptance of an impossibility proof that utilizes quantum entaglement cheating. In this paper, we delineate how the impossibiliy proof formulation misses various types of quantum bit commitment protocols based on two-way quantum communications. We point out some of the gaps in the impossibility proof reasoning, and present corresponding counterexamples. Four different types of bit commitment protocols are constructed with several new protocol techniques. A specific Type 4 protocol is described and proved unconditionally secure. Security analysis of a Type 1 protocol and a Type 2 protocol are also sketched. The security of Type 3 protocols is as yet open. A development of quantum statistical decision theory and quantum games is needed to provie a complete security analysis of many such protocols.