The tortuous path getting to the founding of quantum mechanics in 1925-1926 is reviewed, stressing on the historical heritage from the classical analytical mechanics and the physical ideas full of genius expressed on the way.
Quantum mechanics is our most successful physical theory. It underlies our very detailed understanding of atomic physics, chemistry, and nuclear physics, and the many technologies to which physical systems in these regimes give rise. Additionally, relativistic quantum mechanics is the basis for the standard model of elementary particles, which very successfully gives a partial unification of the forces operating at the atomic, nuclear, and subnuclear levels. However, from its inception the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics, and the fact that “quantum measurements” in the orthodox formulation appear to require the intervention of non-quantum mechanical “classical systems,” have led to speculations by many physicists, mathematicians, and philosophers of science that quantum mechanics may be incomplete. Among the Founding Fathers of quantum theory, Einstein and Schrödinger were both of the opinion that quantum mechanics is in some way unsatisfactory, and this view has been amplified in more recent profound work of John Bell, among others. In an opposing camp, many others in the physics, mathematics, and philosophy communities have attempted to provide an interpretational foundation in which quantum mechanics remains a complete and self-contained system. Among the Founding Fathers, Bohr, Born, and Heisenberg maintained that quantum mechanics is a complete system, and a number of recent proposals have been made to improve upon or to provide alternatives to their “Copenhagen Interpretation.” The debate continues, and has spawned an enormous literature.
We uphold a general viewpoint that the ideas have their own ‘objective’ dynamics, that is a dynamics independent of personalities. Every now and then, the ideas are accessible to individuals. When it comes to social expression, though, it is only a genius, among individuals, who can reach such an accessible idea as ultimate truth, even to the point where he/she succeeds to casting it into proper words, available to society at large. Beyond those words no one can ‘rationalize’, not even the genius himself. We illustrate this observation with Erwin Schrodinger’s interpretation of the wave function introduced by him to common knowledge, which has been cast into proper words by another genius, Richard Feynman, who, nevertheless, honestly acknowledged mistrusting that interpretation. In fact, Feynman always openly admitted, and effectively exercised the probabilistic interpretation of Max Born. To wit, it is guided by this kind of interpretation, that he has built the well-known version of wave mechanics, which is based entirely on the concept of probability. We argue that Feynman was actually right on both accounts – Schrodinger’s and Born’s interpretations – and show here why and how, thus revealing a few missing points in the contemporary natural philosophy. The whole argument, and the accompanying illustration, stands completely by the words of still another genius of modern physics: Louis de Broglie, whose physics is documented and developed in the present work. The construction of this physics gives us the opportunity of a historical review of significant moments of the physical knowledge