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International Conference on Laser and Fiber-Optical Networks Modeling

Dark spatial solitons in semiconductor microcavities

Yevgeniya Larionova, Carl O. Weiss

Published Feb 22, 2005• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This study reports the characteristics of dark solitons different from bright solitons. A striking feature of dark solitons observed in this work is a reflectivity higher than 1 at the center of the soliton. The reflectivity higher than 1 results because the soliton collects energy from its surrounding. As has been predicted for bright solitons this constitutes an optical amplification mechanism worthwhile considering for technical applications. Results show that in addition to the differential gain predicted for bright solitons, the dark solitons experimentally observed permit "DC gain", i.e. the reflected intensity is higher than the incident intensity. Thus dark solitons show "absolute" gain.

DOI
10.1109/lfnm.2004.1382506

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This study reports the characteristics of dark solitons different from bright solitons. A striking feature of dark solitons observed in this work is a reflectivity higher than 1 at the center of the soliton. The reflectivity higher than 1 results because the soliton collects energy from its surrounding. As has been predicted for bright solitons this constitutes an optical amplification mechanism worthwhile considering for technical applications. Results show that in addition to the differential gain predicted for bright solitons, the dark solitons experimentally observed permit "DC gain", i.e. the reflected intensity is higher than the incident intensity. Thus dark solitons show "absolute" gain.
Optical bistability and bright and dark resonator solitons exist in semiconductor resonator at room temperature [C.O. Weis and Ye. Larionova, Rep. Prog. Phys. 70 (2007) 255-335], with the usual semiconductor nonlinearity. At low temperature in the strong coupling regime between quantum well excitons and the optical field in a semiconductor microcavity the nonlinearities are strong and based on “polariton nonlinearity”. The strong coupling results in a quasi-particle “exciton-polariton” which gives access to positive and negative reactive and dissipative optical nonlinearities, as opposed to the usual room temperature semiconductor nonlinearities possessing essentially only one sign. The type of nonlinearity and the properties of solitons can be varied widely by the detuning between the photon- and exciton resonances. We show for the first time experimentally the existence of patterns, bright and dark solitons based on polariton nonlinearity. 1. INTRODUCTION Bright and dark spatial solitons were shown to exist in such microresonators with and without population inversion [1-3]. At room temperature the nonlinearity which is at the origin of the soliton existence is the usual mixed absorptive/refractive semiconductor nonlinearity which can have transverse effects (e.g. self-focusing) and longitudinal effects such as nonlinear resonance, both ingredients for soliton stability. At low temperature (or at large exciton binding energies) the exciton, which merges with the absorption band at room temperature, is well separated spectrally from the absorption band so that the nonlinearity becomes that of a 2-level system. If the exciton resonance is strongly coupled with the field inside a resonator the exciton- and the photon resonances mix. At coincidence of the two resonance frequencies, the photon- and the exciton resonances hybridize in an avoided crossing and the two hybrid resonances are ascribed to a quasi-particle, the excitonpolariton. This quasi-particle has unusual optical properties. E.g. is the photon nonlinearity determined by exciton collisions. That the exciton-polariton system has interesting nonlinearities (e.g. induced absorption as opposed to the usual saturable absorption) has been shown previously [4]. It was realized that semiconductor microresonators in the strong field-exciton coupling regime might show optical bistability and first experimental proofs for bistability were given recently [5]. As optical bistability of a resonator is a precondition for the existence of spatial resonator solitons, the question arises whether semiconductor microresonators with polariton nonlinearity can support spatial resonator solitons, which, as a consequence of the large nonlinearity of the polaritons, could be expected to exist at rather small light intensities, as it is of importance for all applications. 2. EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT AND RESULTS The cooled resonator sample (4 K) is illuminated by light at the polariton resonance wavelengths, and the light reflected from the resonator is observed. The light source is a Ar
Bright and dark spatial solitons are observed in an optically pumped semiconductor resonator. The pumping allows us to reduce considerably the light intensity necessary for the existence of the solitons and alleviates thermal load problems. Experiments are found to agree qualitatively with calculations based on a simple large-aperture semiconductor resonator model. The role of the signs of the absorptive and reactive nonlinearities in soliton existence is discussed in relation to the nonlinear resonance effect, the tilted-wave mechanism of pattern formation, and the sign of the population inversion.
A gain-assisted atomic medium controls and modifies spatial solitons of reflection and transmission of structured light. Structured light pulses of reflection and transmission are generated and analyzed by azimuthal quantum numbers dependent on control driving fields in the medium. The study revealed the formation of spatial bright and dark solitons. The bright and dark soliton splitting regions are linearly increasing according to azimuthal quantum numbers of formula [Formula: see text]. Two, four, six, and eight bright and dark soliton regions are investigated with the azimuthal quantum number of [Formula: see text]. The structured light of the reflection pulse maintained a constant shape, exhibiting weak nonlinearity along the x-axis and strong nonlinearity along the y-axis. However, the structured light transmission pulse displayed varying shapes, influenced by the balanced nonlinearities along both the x- and y-axes at higher azimuthal quantum number [Formula: see text], leading to stable propagation of spatial bright solitons. These findings highlight the significant role of the structured light effect in controlling and stabilizing soliton dynamics, with potential applications in nonlinear optics, traffic flow, signal processing, plasma physics, quantum field theory, and optical soliton interferometry.
The generation of spatial bright solitons of reflection and transmission pulses and their intensities are investigated in a sodium atomic medium using Gaussian Milnor polynomial control fields. Significant bright and dark ring-shaped solitons are controlled by balancing nonlinearity and dispersion along two spatial coordinates. The intensity is more localized along one of the spatial coordinates due to larger nonlinearity and spread along other spatial coordinates due to smaller nonlinearity in the reflection pulse. A circular, crater-type bright soliton intensity is also maintained around the origin of the x and y coordinates, exhibiting varying intensity along the circumference. A large, bright intensity peak is observed around the origin, with the intensity minima at the center in reflection. The intensity peaks are enhanced in one of the spatial coordinates and localized in another coordinate in reflection. A large Gaussian-type bright solitonic intensity distribution is investigated at approximately y=0λ throughout the variation along the x-axis in the transmission pulse pattern. The reflection and transmission pulse intensities vary from 0% to 40% , and at least 20% of the intensity of the incident pulse is lost by attenuation. The modified results are useful in optical communications, fiber optics, optical computation, signal processing, radar technology, and artificial neural networks.