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Ramsey Interferometry for Manipulation of Single Photons

Alessandro Farsi, Stéphane Clemmen, Sven Ramelow, Alexander L. Gaeta

Published Jan 1, 2015• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate a Ramsey interferometer for single photons via consecutive quantum frequency conversions where the phase depends on the propagation between the two interaction regions. Such an interferometer offers control over frequency encoded quantum states.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_qels.2015.fm3a.6

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Interferometry using discrete energy levels of nuclear, atomic, or molecular systems is the foundation for a wide range of physical phenomena and enables powerful techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, Ramsey-based spectroscopy, and laser or maser technology. It also plays a unique role in quantum information processing as qubits may be implemented as energy superposition states of simple quantum systems. Here, we demonstrate quantum interference involving energy states of single quanta of light. In full analogy to the energy levels of atoms or nuclear spins, we implement a Ramsey interferometer with single photons. We experimentally generate energy superposition states of a single photon and manipulate them with unitary transformations to realize arbitrary projective measurements. Our approach opens the path for frequency-encoded photonic qubits in quantum information processing and quantum communication.
We demonstrate a robust single-photon Ramsey interferometer based on a single Rydberg excitation, where the photon is stored as a Rydberg polariton in an ensemble of atoms. This coherent conversion of the photon to Rydberg polariton enables to split an incoming photon into a superposition state of two Rydberg states by applying microwave fields, which constructs two paths of interferometer. Ramsey interference fringes are demonstrated when we scan either the detuning of the microwave or the free evolution time, from which we can obtain the resonant transition frequency of two Rydberg states. We use the Ramsey-like sequence to demonstrate coherent manipulation of the stored single-photon to construct different interference patterns. In addition, the robustness of the Ramsey interferometer to the fluctuation of incoming photon numbers and optical depth (OD) of the atomic ensemble is tested, showing that the coherent of Ramsey interferometer is preserved for input photon number in a range of R in < 15 and for OD varying from 1.0 to 4.0. The robust interferometer will find its applications in quantum precision measurement.
Interferometry using discrete energy levels of nuclear, atomic, or molecular systems is the foundation for a wide range of physical phenomena and enables powerful techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, Ramsey-based spectroscopy, and laser or maser technology.It also plays a unique role in quantum information processing as qubits may be implemented as energy superposition states of simple quantum systems.Here, we demonstrate quantum interference involving energy states of single quanta of light.In full analogy to the energy levels of atoms or nuclear spins, we implement a Ramsey interferometer with single photons.We experimentally generate energy superposition states of a single photon and manipulate them with unitary transformations to realize arbitrary projective measurements.Our approach opens the path for frequency-encoded photonic qubits in quantum information processing and quantum communication.
The interference fringes of an atomic Ramsey interferometer may be narrowed if the two separated fields have different frequencies and their phase difference is controlled. For spatially separated fields, their width depends inversely on the free flight time of ground state atoms before entering the first field region in addition to the time between the fields. The narrowing effect is stable with respect to velocity fluctuations and for realistic mode functions. We also show that systematic phase shifts and phase fluctuations do not aggravate the frequency offset of the standard (one-frequency) Ramsey method.