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Laser guiding in hollow optical fibers: atom fluxes and viscous heating force

A. A. Zozulya, Michael J. Renn, Elizabeth A. Donley, Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman, Dana Z. Anderson

Published Jun 7, 1996• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Summary form only given. We present a theoretical model aimed at interpreting our experiments on optical guiding of neutral atoms through hollow-core fibers. We present calculations of the atomic flux of atoms guided through a fiber and investigate its dependence on the intensity of the laser light, detuning from the resonance and the fiber bend radius. For relatively short and/or large-diameter fibers the contribution of the nonconservative force is negligible and the experimental results are well described by the conservative contribution. In the opposite limit we find a clear signature of the viscous heating force manifested in the appearance of additional maxima in the dependence of the flux on the detuning and in the decrease of the flux with laser intensity.

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Summary form only given. We present a theoretical model aimed at interpreting our experiments on optical guiding of neutral atoms through hollow-core fibers. We present calculations of the atomic flux of atoms guided through a fiber and investigate its dependence on the intensity of the laser light, detuning from the resonance and the fiber bend radius. For relatively short and/or large-diameter fibers the contribution of the nonconservative force is negligible and the experimental results are well described by the conservative contribution. In the opposite limit we find a clear signature of the viscous heating force manifested in the appearance of additional maxima in the dependence of the flux on the detuning and in the decrease of the flux with laser intensity.
We present an experimental and theoretical investigation characterizing the flux of laser-guided atoms through hollow-core optical fibers and show how it depends on laser detuning from resonance, laser intensity, and fiber curvature. The guiding employs dipole forces arising from the interaction of the atoms with the optical field. Laser light is focused into the hollow region of 40-\ensuremath{\mu}m-inner-diam capillary fiber and guided through the fiber by grazing incidence reflection from the glass walls. The lowest-order mode is azimuthally symmetric with maximum intensity on the fiber axis and nearly zero intensity at the walls. Rubidium atoms are attracted to the high-intensity region along the axis when the laser is detuned to the red of resonance and consequently guided through the fiber. Of particular interest is the evolution of the atom-flux versus laser-detuning profile of increasing intensity. At low intensities the dipole guiding potential is purely conservative and the flux profile is roughly dispersion shaped. At high intensity, viscous dipole forces heat the atoms and ``burn a hole'' in the flux-detuning curve. We find that transverse heating of the atoms and the exponential attenuation of optical mode intensity limit the distance atoms may be guided to about 20 cm in a 40-\ensuremath{\mu}m-diam fiber. Bending the fiber can reduce the effects of heating on atom flux.
We have used optical forces to guide atoms through hollow-core optical fibers. Laser light is launched into the hollow region of a glass capillary fiber and guided by grazing-incidence reflection from the walls. When the laser is detuned 1--30 GHz red of the Rb D2 resonance lines, dipole forces attract atoms to the high-intensity region along the axis and guide them through the fiber. We show that atoms may be guided around bends in the fiber and that in initial experiments the atoms experience up to 18 reflections from the potential walls with minimal loss.
Laser-cooled atoms from a low-velocity atomic source are guided in a hollow-core optical fiber using the evanescent-wave dipole force from blue-detuned laser light launched into the glass region of the fiber. The transverse velocity of the guided atoms corresponds to a temperature of $50 \ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}.$ We achieve a maximum flux through a 23.5-cm-long fiber of 590 000 atoms/second with a laser power of 55 mWatts at a detuning of 6 GHz. With larger detunings of 40 GHz, spontaneous emission from the atoms inside the fiber can be suppressed and the atom's internal-state population is preserved. We identify two major loss mechanisms for the guiding process and discuss possible solutions.
We use evanescent laser light to guide atoms through hollow-core optical fibers. The light, detuned to the blue side of rubidium's D2{D}_{2}D2​ resonance lines, is launched into the glass region of a hollow capillary fiber and guided through the fiber by total internal reflection from the glass walls. Atoms interacting with the evanescent component of the field are repelled from the wall and guided through the fiber hollow. A second laser tuned to the red side of resonance is used to initially inject the atoms into the evanescent guide. An optical intensity threshold for guiding is observed as the evanescent-field-induced dipole forces exceed the van der Waals forces.
We present a general theory of atom guiding in a blue-detuned hollow laser beam. Using the dressed-atom approach, we obtain the mean dipole gradient force, the radiation pressure force, and the momentum diffusion coefficients for three-level Λ-type cold atoms. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we calculate the guiding efficiencies and the final velocity distributions of atoms for various conditions. We find that the guiding efficiency depends not only on the intensity and detuning of the guiding hollow beam but also on the atom-guiding direction with respect to the propagation direction of the hollow laser beam. Comparing our analyses with recent experimental results, we find that they are mutually consistent. The results that we present can also be applied to atom guiding by hollow optical fibers.