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International Crimean Conference Microwave and Telecommunication Technology

Superconducting quantum electronics based on stochastic resonance systems

Oleg G. Turutanov, V. I. Shnyrkov, Сергей Иванович Мельник, Н. И. Слипченко, S. Larkin

Published Oct 23, 2009• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The principles are developed for amplification of weak informational signals in superconductive quantum inter-ferometers (SQUIDs) based on the effect of stochasctic resonance (SR) at arbitrary low temperature and in arrays of SR-SQUIDs. Numerically calculated gain is 30 dB under signal-to-noise ratio approaching to (10…20) dB. New rf field-controlled SR-antennas for SQUIDs are suggested.

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In a single-junction niobium superconducting quantum interferometer (RF SQUID loop), a weak low-frequency harmonic signal is amplified when quasi-white Gaussian noise magnetic flux is applied to the loop; such amplification is due to stochastic resonance (SR). We have experimentally shown that if the suboptimal flux noise intensity is insufficient for SR, the mean rate of transitions between the metastable states of the loop, and thus the signal gain, can be controlled by an additional deterministic alternating magnetic flux with frequency being much higher than that of the useful signal to provide the maximal possible gain. The frequency characteristics of a multi-tone composite signal amplification in the cases of controlled stochastic amplification and “pure” SR are compared to each other.
The features of the response of a single-junction superconducting quantum interferometer to a low-frequency harmonic signal in the presence of noise and a high-frequency electromagnetic field are investigated through numerical solution of the equations of motion. It is shown that in this situation a system described by a double-well potential will display stochastic-parametric amplification of weak harmonic signals owing to the cooperative effects of noise and the high-frequency field. The gain is a nonmonotonic function of the amplitude of the high-frequency field and the variance of the noise flux and passes through a maximum. A detailed numerical analysis of the dependence of the gain on the noise intensity and on the frequency and amplitude of the high-frequency field is carried out in the stochastic, parametric, and stochastic-parametric amplification regimes. It is shown that at optimal amplitude of the high-frequency field the gain for a weak harmonic signal reaches rather high values (10–30). The specific properties of stochastic-parametric amplification are discussed, and the possible applications of this effect for constructing input circuits of detectors based on SQUIDs with registration of weak narrow-band information signals are considered.
DC Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) are widely used to amplify low-level, radio frequency (rf) electrical signals. SQUID amplifiers offer low noise, high gain, and low power dissipation. One method of implementing a SQUID rf amplifier for frequencies from a few hundred megahertz to several gigahertz is to operate the integrated input coil on top of the SQUID washer as a microstrip resonator. This is achieved by applying the input signal between one end of the coil and the SQUID washer, which acts as a groundplane; the other end of the coil is left open. Substantial levels of gain can be achieved from the microstrip SQUID amplifier for a signal frequency at the fundamental resonant frequency of the microstrip, at which the length of the microstrip is equal to one-half wavelength, λ/2. Since the length of the microstrip has to be made shorter for higher frequencies, however, the mutual inductance between a SQUID with a given geometry and the microstrip—and thus the gain—decreases with increasing frequency. We show that a significantly enhanced gain can be achieved by operating the microstrip resonator in higher-order modes, for example, with a microstrip length of 3λ/2 or 5λ/2, provided the winding sense of the microstrip for each consecutive λ/2 section is reversed. For a 4λ/2 resonator, we demonstrate a gain of 24 dB at 2.6 GHz, an increase in gain of about 10 dB compared to a λ/2 resonator on a SQUID of the same geometry and characteristics.
Superconducting quantum sensors use flux quantization, the Josephson effect and low-loss microwave circuits to measure magnetic flux, microwave signals and photon flux close to fundamental limits. In this review we follow the field from the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory and the discovery of Josephson tunnelling to SQUID magnetometers, microwave kinetic inductance detectors and quantum-limited parametric amplifiers. We explain how dc and rf SQUIDs, superconducting resonators, and Josephson and kinetic-inductance amplifiers work, and we describe one measurement chain that covers them all, with separate excitation, response, amplification, control and readout paths and a fluxlocked-loop variant for SQUIDs. Flux and field noise, noise-equivalent power, added noise, bandwidth and dynamic range are defined and compared using numbers taken directly from the primary literature, together with the conditions under which they were measured. We then survey applications in biomagnetism, astronomical imaging, qubit readout and dark-matter searches, and close with the open problems of scalability, environmental noise and fair benchmarking.
We discuss stochastic resonance (SR) effects in weakly driven coupled quantum systems. We show that both dynamical and information theoretic measures of the system's response can be introduced that exhibit a non-monotonic behaviour as a function of the noise strength. We analyze the relation between lack of monotonicity in the response and the presence of quantum correlations, showing that there are parameter regimes where the breakdown of a linear response can be associated to the presence of entanglement. We also show that a chain of coupled spin systems can exhibit an array-enhanced response, where the sensitivity of a single resonator to a weak driving signal is enhanced as a result of the nearest-neighbour coupling. These results enlarge the domain where SR effects exist and should be observable in state-of-the-art arrays of superconducting qubits.