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Multi-particle Quantum Walks with 2D & 3D Arrayed Waveguides

Konstantinos Poulios, Daniel Fry, Mirko Lobino, Jonathan C. F. Matthews, Jasmin D. A. Meinecke, Alberto Peruzzo, Xiaoqi Zhou, Mark G. Thompson, Jeremy L. O’Brien, Alberto Politi, Robert Keil, Alexander Szameit, N. Ismail, Kerstin Wörhoff, Nobuyuki Matsuda

Published Apr 17, 2012• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Multi-photon quantum walks on integrated circuits are emonstrated, showing non-classical correlations, in one and two dimensional networks. Time evolution of quantum walks and a scheme for simulating fermionic quantum walks using entanglement are demonstrated.

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Quantum walks in an elaborately designed graph, is a powerful tool simulating physical and topological phenomena, constructing analog quantum algorithms and realizing universal quantum computing. Integrated photonics technology has emerged as a versatile platform to implement various quantum information tasks and a promising candidate to perform large-scale quantum walks. Both extending physical dimensions and involving more particles will increase the complexity of the evolving systems and the desired quantum resources. Pioneer works have demonstrated single particle walking on two-dimensional (2D) lattices and multiple walkers interfering on a one-dimensional structure. However, 2D multi-particle quantum walk, genuinely being not classically simulatable, has been a vacancy for nearly ten years. Here, we present a genuine 2D quantum walk with correlated photons on a triangular photonic lattice, which can be mapped to a state space up to 37X37 dimensions. This breaks through the physically restriction of single-particle evolution, which can encode information in a large space and constitute high-dimensional graphs indeed beneficial to quantum information processing. A site-by-site addressing between the chip facet and the 2D fanout interface enables an observation of over 600 non-classical interferences simultaneously, violating a classical limit up to 57 standard deviations. Our platform offers a promising prospect for multi-photon quantum walks in a large-scale 2D arrangement, paving the way for practical quantum simulation and quantum computation beyond classical regime.
In recent years, quantum walks have been proposed as promising resources for the simulation of physical quantum systems. In fact it is widely adopted to simulate quantum dynamics. Up to now single particle quantum walks have been experimentally demonstrated by different approaches, while only few experiments involving many-particle quantum walks have been realized. Here we simulate the 2-particle dynamics on a discrete time quantum walk, built on an array of integrated waveguide beam splitters. The polarization independence of the quantum walk circuit allowed us to exploit the polarization entanglement to encode the symmetry of the two-photon wavefunction, thus the bunching-antibunching behavior of non interacting bosons and fermions has been simulated. We have also characterized the possible distinguishability and decoherence effects arising in such a structure. This study is necessary in view of the realization of a quantum simulator based on an integrated optical array built on a large number of beam splitters.
As quantum optics grows and develops, new sophisticated optical schemes require an increasing number of optical elements. Integrated photonic circuits have the capacity to provide a solution to this challenge, as they are intrinsically scalable and interferometrically stable. Integrated realization of multi-photon entanglement, quantum factoring algorithms, and polarization entanglement has already been demonstrated. One of particularly interesting structures in integrated photonics is the waveguide array, which enables flexible shaping of optical beam and pulses in space. Recently waveguide arrays have been shown to generate unusual and strongly non-classical spatial correlations of photon pairs propagating in the regime of quantum walks [1].
Quantum walk represents one of the most promising resources for the simulation of physical quantum systems, and has also emerged as an alternative to the standard circuit model for quantum computing. Here we investigate how the particle statistics, either bosonic or fermionic, influences a two-particle discrete quantum walk. Such an experiment has been realized by exploiting polarization entanglement to simulate the bunching-antibunching feature of noninteracting bosons and fermions. To this scope a novel three-dimensional geometry for the waveguide circuit is introduced, which allows accurate polarization independent behavior, maintaining remarkable control on both phase and balancement.