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Chinese Physics B

An autobias control system for the electro—optic modulator used in a quantum key distribution system

Wen-Fen Chen, Zhengjun Wei, Liqiong Guo, Li-Yan Hou, Geng Wang, Jindong Wang, Zhi‐Ming Zhang, Jianping Guo, Songhao Liu

Published Jul 31, 2014• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In a quantum key distribution system, it is crucial to keep the extinction ratio of the coherent pulses stable. This means that the direct current bias point of the electro—optic modulator (EOM) used for generating coherent pulses must be locked. In this paper, an autobias control system based on a lock-in-amplifier for the EOM is introduced. Its drift information extracting theory and control method are analyzed comprehensively. The long term drift of the extinction ratio of the coherent pulses is measured by a single photon detector, which indicates that the autobias control system is effective for stabilizing the bias point of the EOM.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/23/8/080304

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In a quantum key distribution system, it is crucial to keep the extinction ratio of the coherent pulses stable. This means that the direct current bias point of the electro—optic modulator (EOM) used for generating coherent pulses must be locked. In this paper, an autobias control system based on a lock-in-amplifier for the EOM is introduced. Its drift information extracting theory and control method are analyzed comprehensively. The long term drift of the extinction ratio of the coherent pulses is measured by a single photon detector, which indicates that the autobias control system is effective for stabilizing the bias point of the EOM.
In quantum computing systems the quantum states of qubits can be modified among others by applying light pulses. In order to achieve low computing error rates these pulses have to be precisely shaped in magnitude and phase. In practical applications, both acousto-optic (AOM) and electro-optic modulators (EOM) are used for this purpose. The advantages of EOMs, in particular Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs), include e.g. higher bandwidth, compactness, good integrability and better noise performance. On the other hand, EOMs are challenging regarding their control voltage regulation as they experience a bias drift, i.e. voltage shifts in the modulator's operating point. Such a shift significantly impairs the quality of the modulation, which is why EOMs usually require a bias control loop to track the DC operating point. This work addresses the estimation of the instantaneous bias voltage using a small pilot tone, where the optical output power of the EOM is tracked by a photodetector feedback signal.
In several types of quantum computers light is one of the main tools to control both the position and the quantum state of the atoms used for computing. In practical systems laser light is applied to manipulate quantum states of qubits in the desired way. Beside physical effects like decoherence and quantum noise the precision of qubit manipulation has a significant impact on the achievable quantum computing error rate. One of the key optical components beside the laser is the optical modulator, which modulates or switches a constant power laser light in order to provide light pulses or pulse sequences with a desired envelope. Acousto-optic (AOM) and electro-optic (EOM) modulators can be applied, which are both voltage controlled. However, there is neither a simple linear relationship between their control signal and the precise modulator output, nor can they be considered to have time-invariant characteristics. The aim of this paper is to describe techniques to generate AOM and EOM control signals in such a way that almost arbitrary target output waveforms (i. e. optical power versus time) are achieved with high accuracy.
We propose and demonstrate an approach to generate stable and high extinction ratio light pulses with an extinction ratio 80 dB. To this end, a high stable bias locking technique is proposed, and a small size, easily integrated, cost-effective pulse generator based on delay line chips is designed and constructed. The pulse generator can generate voltage >12.5 V at a load impedance of 50 Ω, which is enough to drive the lithium niobate-based Mach-Zehnder (LNMZ) intensity modulator with a half wave voltage ~6-8 V. The pulse width and delay time can be programmed directly via digital I/O ports. The bias locking technique utilizes a successive scanning and fitting method which overcomes the sensitivity limit of the photodetector and can achieve the bias voltage accurately and quickly. By this method, the bias points of two or more cascaded LNMZ intensity modulators can be locked stably. The presented system can be easily integrated into the continuous variable quantum key distribution system.
A Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) is necessary for implementing a decoy-state protocol in a practical quantum key distribution (QKD) system. However, an MZM bias control method optimized for QKD systems has been missing to date. In this study, we propose an MZM bias control method using N (≥2) diagnostic pulses. The proposed method can be efficiently applied to a QKD system without any additional hardware such as light sources or detectors. Furthermore, it does not reduce the key rate significantly because it uses time slots allocated to existing decoy pulses. We conducted an experimental demonstration of the proposed method in a field-deployed 1 × 3 QKD network and a laboratory test. It is shown that our method can maintain the MZM extinction ratio stably over 20 dB (bit error rate ≤1%), even in an actual network environment for a significant period. Consequently, we achieved successful QKD performances.
Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) are the most commonly used external modulators for optical communication links. The bias point of MZMs may drift due to environmental changes in practical applications, leading to system performance degradation. The latest decoy-state twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) system requires multiple modulators to generate multi-level light intensities and maintain an ultra-high extinction ratio between the signal-state light and vacuum-state light. This is essential to ensure the QKD security and extend the transmission distance. To meet this tight requirement, this paper presents an efficient bias control technique of multistage MZMs based on the dither signal method. Considering the complex signal processing algorithms involved in the dither signal method, this work designs a high-throughput hardware architecture based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) platform to realize real-time feedback control. It is comprised of three modules: the dither generation module, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) module, and the bias control module. Both static and dynamic extinction ratio tests were conducted to verify the performance of the system. Especially, this paper proposes an innovative and dynamic measurement method based on the highly sensitive single-photon detector to support the direct extinction ratio test of high-speed signals. The experimental results show that the system can stably maintain an ultra-high extinction ratio of 66.92 dB, demonstrating itself suitable for the majority of optical communication systems with very tight extinction ratio requirements. The feedback control time is about only 0.5 seconds per stage, which is fast enough to compensate for the usual environmental drift. In the temperature stability experiments, when the temperature varies between 26-64°C, the proposed system achieves a 74% reduction of the extinction ratio fluctuation compared to the result without using the feedback system.
We introduce our recent photonic quantum information processing experiments using the high-speed electro-optic modulator (EOM) based on a lithium niobate waveguides. First, we demonstrated the frequency shifter for single photons by using an optical single sideband (OSSB) modulator, which is based on the nested configuration of four phase modulators (PMs). By properly setting the RF modulation signal and the bias voltage to each PM, we can suppress unwanted sidebands to realize a frequency shifter that can tune the frequency of single photons with accuracy of an RF synthesizer. Using the OSSB modulator, we eliminated the frequency distinguishability between two single photons whose frequencies were different by 25 GHz, and as a result observed a Hong-Ou- Mandel interference with a visibility exceeding 90%. We also proposed and demonstrated a two-qubit controlled logic gate for time-bin qubits using a two-input, two-output optical switch. The switch enables us to individually perform different functions for two temporal bases as a time-dependent beam splitter, so that we can realize controlled-phase (C-Phase) gate for a time-bin qubit. We showed that the states of two separable single photons were entangled as a result of the C-Phase gate operation. We performed the quantum state tomography to obtain density matrices of the output states from the C-Phase gate for some specific input states, and confirmed that the averaged state fidelity to the pure states was 85%. These results indicate that the EOMs will be a useful tool for realizing advanced photonic quantum communication systems.