We consider the two quantum measurement theories for measuring a single Pauli observable. We assume also the existence of a classical probability space for the two measurement theories. We cannot avoid the Kochen-Specker (KS) contradiction when we measure the Pauli observable by using the projective measurement theory if we introduce a classical probability space. The results of measurement are either $+1$ or $-1$ (in $\hbar/2$ unit) when we consider a spin-1/2 system. The projective measurement theory does not accept a classical probability space when we measure the Pauli observable. We propose a new measurement theory based on the truth values, i.e., the truth T (1) for true and the falsity F (0) for false. The results of measurement are either $+1$ or 0 (in $\hbar/2$ unit). We avoid the KS contradiction when we measure the Pauli observable by using the new measurement theory if we introduce a classical probability space. The new measurement theory accepts a classical probability space when we measure the Pauli observable.We consider the two quantum measurement theories for measuring a single Pauli observable. We assume also the existence of a classical probability space for the two measurement theories. We cannot avoid the Kochen-Specker (KS) contradiction when we measure the Pauli observable by using the projective measurement theory if we introduce a classical probability space. The results of measurement are either $+1$ or $-1$ (in $\hbar/2$ unit) when we consider a spin-1/2 system. The projective measurement theory does not accept a classical probability space when we measure the Pauli observable. We propose a new measurement theory based on the truth values, i.e., the truth T (1) for true and the falsity F (0) for false. The results of measurement are either $+1$ or 0 (in $\hbar/2$ unit). We avoid the KS contradiction when we measure the Pauli observable by using the new measurement theory if we introduce a classical probability space. The new measurement theory accepts a classical probability space when we measure the Pauli observable.

Studies in Applied MathematicsJan 6, 20181 citation

Generalized measure theory

Stanley Gudder

Foundations of PhysicsSep 1, 197317 citations

Quantum Measure Theory

Jan Hamhalter

Springer eBooksJan 1, 2003190 citations

Does a classical probability space for two-dimensional quantum measurement theory exist?

Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura

Recently, a new measurement theory based on the truth values is proposed \cite{NN1}. The results of measurements are either 0 or 1. The measurement theory accepts a hidden variables model for a single Pauli observable. Therefore we can introduce a classical probability space for the measurement theory in this case. On the other hand, we discuss the fact that the projective measurement theory (the results of measurements are either $+1$ or $-1$ ) does not meet a hidden variables model for a single Pauli observable. Hence we cannot introduce a classical probability space for the projective measurement theory in this case. Our discussion provides new insight to formulate quantum measurement theory, by using the measurement theory based on the truth values.Recently, a new measurement theory based on the truth values is proposed \cite{NN1}. The results of measurements are either 0 or 1. The measurement theory accepts a hidden variables model for a single Pauli observable. Therefore we can introduce a classical probability space for the measurement theory in this case. On the other hand, we discuss the fact that the projective measurement theory (the results of measurements are either $+1$ or $-1$) does not meet a hidden variables model for a single Pauli observable. Hence we cannot introduce a classical probability space for the projective measurement theory in this case. Our discussion provides new insight to formulate quantum measurement theory, by using the measurement theory based on the truth values.

Jun 1, 20160 citations

Image and Reciprocal Image of a Measure. Compatibility Theorem

Albert Tarantola

It is proposed that to the usual probability theory, three definitions and a new theorem are added, the resulting theory allows one to displace the central role usually given to the notion of conditional probability. When a mapping $ϕ$ is defined between two measurable spaces, to each measure $μ$ introduced on the first space, there corresponds an image $ϕ[μ]$ on the second space, and, reciprocally, to each measure $ν$ defined on the second space the corresponds a reciprocal image $ϕ^{-1}[ν]$ on the first space. As the intersection $\cap$ of two measures is easy to introduce, a relation like $ ϕ[ μ\cap ϕ^{-1} [ν] ] = ϕ[μ] \cap ν$ makes sense. It is, indeed, a theorem of the theory. This theorem gives mathematical consistency to inferences drawn from physical measurements.It is proposed that to the usual probability theory, three definitions and a new theorem are added, the resulting theory allows one to displace the central role usually given to the notion of conditional probability. When a mapping $ϕ$ is defined between two measurable spaces, to each measure $μ$ introduced on the first space, there corresponds an image $ϕ[μ]$ on the second space, and, reciprocally, to each measure $ν$ defined on the second space the corresponds a reciprocal image $ϕ^{-1}[ν]$ on the first space. As the intersection $\cap$ of two measures is easy to introduce, a relation like $ ϕ[ μ\cap ϕ^{-1} [ν] ] = ϕ[μ] \cap ν$ makes sense. It is, indeed, a theorem of the theory. This theorem gives mathematical consistency to inferences drawn from physical measurements.

arXiv:0810.4749Oct 27, 20080 citations

Quantum measure spaces

Gudrun Kalmbach

Foundations of PhysicsJul 1, 19909 citations

+1

-1

(in

\hbar/2

unit) when we consider a spin-1/2 system. The projective measurement theory does not accept a classical probability space when we measure the Pauli observable. We propose a new measurement theory based on the truth values, i.e., the truth T (1) for true and the falsity F (0) for false. The results of measurement are either

+1

or 0 (in

\hbar/2

unit). We avoid the KS contradiction when we measure the Pauli observable by using the new measurement theory if we introduce a classical probability space. The new measurement theory accepts a classical probability space when we measure the Pauli observable.

+1

-1

) does not meet a hidden variables model for a single Pauli observable. Hence we cannot introduce a classical probability space for the projective measurement theory in this case. Our discussion provides new insight to formulate quantum measurement theory, by using the measurement theory based on the truth values.

ϕ

is defined between two measurable spaces, to each measure

μ

introduced on the first space, there corresponds an image

ϕ[μ]

on the second space, and, reciprocally, to each measure

ν

defined on the second space the corresponds a reciprocal image

ϕ^{-1}[ν]

on the first space. As the intersection

\cap

of two measures is easy to introduce, a relation like $ ϕ[ μ\cap ϕ^{-1} [ν] ] = ϕ[μ] \cap ν$ makes sense. It is, indeed, a theorem of the theory. This theorem gives mathematical consistency to inferences drawn from physical measurements.