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Xenon-based Nonlinear Fabry-Perot Interferometer for Quantum Information Applications

Garrett Hickman, T. B. Pittman, J. D. Franson

Published Jan 1, 2015• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We describe a nonlinear Fabry-Perot interferometer useful for optical quantum information applications. We observe self-phase modulation and other nonlinear effects with ultra-low input powers using metastable xenon in a high-finesse cavity.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_qels.2015.ff2b.5

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Single-photon cross phase shifts and other single-photon nonlinearities have numerous applications in all-optical quantum information processing. Generating these nonlinearities though can be difficult. This has been done previously using sophisticated experiment setups, for instance using cold atoms optically trapped within the field mode of a high-finesse cavity. Several groups have experimentally achieved single-photon phase shifts on the order of ? using these systems. However, nonlinearities weaker than this have important applications as well. In this work we introduce and demonstrate the idea of using metastable xenon gas in a high-finesse cavity to produce weak single-photon nonlinearities. Our system is relatively simple and robust, avoids problems associated with the accumulation of alkali atoms on mirror surfaces, and is capable of approaching the strong coupling regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics. It can compete with the performance of state-of-the-art cavity systems up to a single-atom cooperativity of roughly ? ? 1. Beyond this, the effects of atomic motion begin to play a larger role and improving the system performance becomes more difficult. After a brief introduction to the use of optical cavities and the spectroscopic properties of metastable xenon, we demonstrate the feasibility of our approach by reviewing two proof-of-principle demonstrations performed in our lab. In these experiments, we measured absorption saturation and cross-phase modulation using a cavity of moderately high finesse F = 3,000. We found that nonlinear effects occurred at ultralow input power levels, proving that the presence of the cavity strongly enhanced the inherent optical nonlinearity of metastable xenon. We close by reviewing our recent progress in building an improved cavity system, which is expected to produce enhanced single photon cross phase shifts.
Weak single-photon nonlinearities have many potential applications in quantum computing and quantum information. Here we demonstrate a relatively simple system for producing low-power cross-phase modulation using metastable xenon inside a high-finesse cavity. The use of a noble gas such as xenon eliminates the contamination of the high-finesse mirrors that can occur when using alkali metal vapors such as rubidium. Cross-phase shifts of 5 mrad with 4.5-fJ control pulses were demonstrated. Numerical solutions of the master equation are in good agreement with the experimental results, and they predict that cross-phase shifts greater than 1 mrad per control photon should be achievable by reducing the size of the cavity.
In this paper we consider the nonlinear Fabry-Perot and its applications to optical signal and image processing. This paper addresses the signal processing aspects of a nonlinear Fabry-Perot interferometer with emphasis on image processing. The device geometry is shown in Figure 1. A thin nonlinear medium, whose refractive index is a function of the light intensity inside the Fabry-Perot is sandwiched between two plane parallel mirrors. The output as a function of input is shown in Fig. 2, for two different values of the difference between the Fabry-Perot low intensity resonance and the incident wavelength. The bistable curve in 2a is the origin of the term optical bistability and makes possible an optical memory, in which the output is a function of the history of the device. The Figure 2b represents a typical nonlinear transfer curve which may be used for signal processing. It can be seen that small changes in the input intensity Ic make large changes in the output intensity.
We propose to engineer the atomic band structure in optical lattices in order to design a Fabry-Perot interferometer with large mode spacing and strong nonlinear coupling to be employed in atom optics. The use of an optical lattice allows for a significant reduction of the atomic effective mass, while the slow modulation of its parameters spatially confines the matter waves on a length scale of a few dozen optical wavelengths. As a consequence, the mode spacing in such a cavity would be as high as one-tenth of the recoil energy, allowing for a very efficient filter action, while the nonlinear coupling due to interatomic interactions could lead to bistability and limiting effects in the transmission of the atomic beam.