A quantum paradox of nonlocal Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlation between counterpropagating pair of polarization-entangled photons emitted from a common source S and detected at points P and Q is solved outside the EPR's reality criterion of local causality but within the framework of time-symmetric quantum electrodynamics allowing the bi-directional signal transmission P↔S↔Q on the double-light cone where the future and the past cones. share common light paths connecting the photon source S and the detection points P and Q. A cosmlogical implication of the bi-directional signal transmission P↔Q without common source S in cosmology and possible Planckeon orgin of dark energy in the upper hemisphere of semiclosed Friedman uiverse, joined on to an asymptotically flat outer space, are also discussed.
A quantum paradox of nonlocal Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlation between counterpropagating pair of polarization-entangled photons emitted from a common source S and detected at points P and Q is solved outside the EPR's reality criterion of local causality but within the framework of time-symmetric quantum electrodynamics allowing the bi-directional signal transmission P↔S↔Q on the double-light cone where the future and the past cones. share common light paths connecting the photon source S and the detection points P and Q. A cosmlogical implication of the bi-directional signal transmission P↔Q without common source S in cosmology and possible Planckeon orgin of dark energy in the upper hemisphere of semiclosed Friedman uiverse, joined on to an asymptotically flat outer space, are also discussed.
A solution of nonlocal EPR correlation between counter-propagating pair of polarization entangled photons emitted from a common source at S and detected at points P and Q is sought outside the EPR’s reality criterion of local causality but within the framework of time-symmetric quantum electrodynamics allowing the bi-directional signal transmission P S Q on the double-light cone where the future and the past cones share common light paths connecting the photon source S and the detection points P and Q.
The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox challenges the completeness of quantum mechanics under the assumptions of separability and locality, while Bell's theorem and its loophole-free experimental confirmations rule out local hidden variables and establish that entangled correlations are nonlocal yet no-signaling. This paper formulates, within the spacetime-quantum unified-field theory, a self-contained resolution of the paradox. Starting from the six axioms of the theory, we model the entangled pair as two local excitations of the single global spacetime-quantum field, a coherent superposition of discrete spacetime quanta (Axiom 1). We show that the EPR elements of reality are not attributes of the separated subsystems but properties of the global coherent configuration established within the common past light cone, so that EPR's tacit separability premise fails in this ontology (Axioms 1 and 5). Measurement is identified as a strictly local energy exchange (Axioms 2 and 5) whose influence propagates at most at the speed of light by the local hyperbolic master equation (Axiom 3), and we prove, by the invariance of the reduced density matrix, that no signaling is possible. The Bell correlations are reproduced as a consistency condition inherited from the standard-model sector (Axiom 4), with the Tsirelson bound 2√2 following from the no-signaling structure. Complete derivations of the correlation function, the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality and its violation, the no-signaling theorem, the local measurement model, and the coherence-entanglement relation are provided in the appendices.
The possible connection between EPR correlations and superluminal interactions, as suggested by Bell and Bohm, is discussed using simple and palpable arguments: (a) It is shown how an experiment based on time-like events can allow us to answer the question "Can a measurement performed on one of the photons of an entangled pair change the state of the other?" (b) The theorem on superluminal finite-speed causal influences and superluminal signaling, introduced by Scarani and Gisin, is reexamined. (c) It is shown how faster-than-light interactions and Lorentz transformations might peacefully coexist.
Quantum entanglement, a quintessential feature of quantum mechanics, has profound implications on our understanding of the fundamental nature of reality. This phenomenon, in which quantum particles exhibit correlations that defy classical intuition, has captivated physicists and philosophers alike. The existence of nonlocal correlations, a hallmark of entanglement, challenges the principles of local realism and calls into question our notions of causality and locality. This paper explores the theoretical foundations, experimental evidence, and interpretations surrounding quantum entanglement and nonlocal correlations. It delves into the historical context, highlighting the pioneering work of physicists such as Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen, and Bell, whose contributions paved the way for our current understanding of this enigmatic concept. The paper also examines the potential applications of entanglement in fields such as quantum computing, cryptography, and communication, underscoring its technological significance. Furthermore, it discusses the philosophical implications of nonlocal correlations, shedding light on the ongoing debates surrounding the interpretation of quantum mechanics and the nature of reality itself. Keywords: Quantum entanglement, Nonlocal correlations, Local realism, Causality, Locality, Quantum mechanics, Experimental evidence, Theoretical foundations, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, Bell's theorem, Quantum computing.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain the Einstein, Podolski and Rosen (EPR) paradox applying the multidimensionality of time and the perpendicularity of the temporal axes. Design/methodology/approach The paper is an extension of the application of neuropsychology to physics, as previously described in Part I, to cosmology. Findings The paper removes the apparent contradictions in physics implied by the EPR paradox. Practical implications A theoretical basis for a possible instantaneous (faster than light) sending of messages to everywhere in the cosmos is provided. Originality/value This theory is entirely new. The possible application is independent from the existence of tachions.
A generalization of the 1935 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) argument for measurements with continuous variable outcomes is presented to establish criteria for the demonstration of the EPR paradox, for situations where the correlation between spatially separated subsystems is not perfect. Two types of criteria for EPR correlations are determined. The first type are based on measurements of the variances of conditional probability distributions and are necessary to reflect directly the situation of the original EPR paradox. The second weaker set of EPR criteria are based on the proven failure of (Bell-type) local realistic theories which could be consistent with a local quantum description for each subsystem. The relationship with criteria sufficient to prove entanglement is established, to show that any demonstration of EPR correlations will also signify entanglement. It is also shown how a demonstration of entanglement between two spatially separated subsystems, if not able to interpreted as a violation of a Bell-type inequality, may be interpreted as a demonstration of the EPR correlations. In particular it is explained how the experimental observation of two-mode squeezing using spatially separated detectors will signify not only entanglement but EPR correlations defined in a general sense.