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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Single Photon Diffraction and Interference

John Hodge

Published Apr 13, 2015• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

Interference experiments with only one photon in the experiment at a time have also showed interference patterns. A previous paper that studied photon diffraction and interference (IntellectualArchive, Vol.1, No. 3, P. 20, ISSN 1929-4700, Toronto, July 2012.) required several photons in the experiment at the same time. The Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) model of photon, plenum, screen and mask; the Bohm Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics; and the Transaction Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics are combined. The speed of the plenum wave is much faster than the speed of photons/light. The reverse wave required by the Transaction Interpretation is provided by a reflected plenum wave rather than a reverse time wave. The photon distribution on a screen results in an intensity pattern well fit by the Fraunhofer diffraction equation. The resultant mathematical model corresponds to the Fraunhofer mathematical model without the peculiar assumptions.

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SPIE eBooks•Aug 1, 2018•0 citations
Interference experiments with only one photon in the experiment at a time have also showed interference patterns. A previous paper that studied photon diffraction and interference (IntellectualArchive, Vol.1, No. 3, P. 20, ISSN 1929-4700, Toronto, July 2012.) required several photons in the experiment at the same time. The Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) model of photon, plenum, screen and mask; the Bohm Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics; and the Transaction Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics are combined. The speed of the plenum wave is much faster than the speed of photons/light. The reverse wave required by the Transaction Interpretation is provided by a reflected plenum wave rather than a reverse time wave. The photon distribution on a screen results in an intensity pattern well fit by the Fraunhofer diffraction equation. The resultant mathematical model corresponds to the Fraunhofer mathematical model without the peculiar assumptions.
The interpretation of Young's double slit experiment of diffraction and interference remains controversial. The Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) model of single photon diffraction is a model with photons being directed by plenum forces as Newton speculated. The STOE simulation of the light diffraction experiments produces the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern on the screen. An experiment used an image resulting from a single slit projected onto a second mask. If the second mask slit is placed at the center of the image, a Fraunhofer diffraction pattern is projected onto the screen. One side of a slit in the minima examined the result of varying the intensity of the illumination across the slit. One slit of two in the minima examined the result of only one of the double slits being illuminated. The resultant patterns on a screen were photographed and are on the opposite side of center from the illuminated side of the second mask. The STOE simulation reproduced the images. The STOE explains several quantum peculiarities with classical processes. These observations do not reject the Newtonian model of diffraction and does reject wave models.
The Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) model of single photon diffraction is a model with photons being directed by plenum forces along their trajectory (http://intellectualarchive.com/ ?link=item\&id=1557). By setting initial conditions in a simulation, predictions of screen patterns can be made. Changing the altitude produces a change in the width of the pattern. Using a pattern resulting from a single slit, a second mask can examine the result of varying the intensity of the illumination across the slit and of only one of the double slits being illuminated. The resultant patterns on a screen were photographed and are on the opposite side of center from the illuminated side of the second mask. The STOE is consistent and all other models of diffraction are inconsistent with these results.
Some observations of light are inconsistent with a wave--like model. Other observations of light are inconsistent with a traditional particle--like model. A single model of light has remained a mystery. Newton's speculations, Democritus's speculations, the Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics, and the fractal philosophy are combined. The resulting model of photon structure and dynamics is tested by toy computer experiments. The simulations include photons from a distance, in Young's experiment, and from a laser. The patterns on the screens show diffraction patterns fit by the Fresnel equation. The model is consistent with the Afshar experiment.
Young's interference and Hodge's diffraction of light experiments show characteristics of light that have defied modeling except for the Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) model. The Hodge Experiment is the Fraunhofer pattern from a first mask with a slit impinges on a second mask with a slit(s). The Hodge Experiment is extended to model a diffraction pattern on a transparent second mask with a slit. The screen pattern is an interference pattern such as produced with two slits in Young's Experiment. A nail is placed between the first and second mask to block the light of the center maxima. The interference fringes remained in the secondary peaks. This observation rejects wave models of light that requires light through the second slit. The STOE model successfully modeled the observed pattern.
3.1 Interference of a Single Photon The kinds of study originally conducted by Thomas Young - in particular, the celebrated "double slit" experiment that we briefly examined in Chapter 1 (see Fig. 1) - provide a capacity to reveal far more than the wave nature of light, important as that is. True enough, the observed characteristic fringe pattern, when monochromatic light passes through two closely spaced slits onto a screen, appears to be simply explicable on the basis of waves from each slit undergoing constructive and destructive interference at different positions on the screen. Yet, astonishingly, these patterns of interference are still exhibited when individual photons of a low-intensity input beam reach the screen one at a time, showing that it cannot in fact be a matter of different photons having to interfere with each other. Indeed, Dirac enunciated the general principle that photons can never directly interact with each other. The double slit and other such experiments indicate that each photon interacts in a delocalized, wave-like manner with both slits at the same time. Successive experiments build interference patterns that conform to an exact mathematical distribution formula, but the position at which an individual photon is detected in any particular instance cannot be predicted; this is a quintessential illustration of quantum uncertainty. Using the path integral approach of quantum theory, the phenomenon is more accurately represented by introducing a summation over all possible routes between the source and the screen on which the pattern appears, signifying an entire "lifetime" for each photon involved in the experiment. This relates to the fact that the actual trajectory is unknown without an observation, and thus we only obtain the probabilities of the photon striking the screen at different positions and times; all trajectories (potentialities) must be considered in a superposition. Each route is considered equally probable, and the variation in phase produces quantum interference. The differences in phase of each trajectory, at varying positions on the screen, generates the fringe pattern. An intriguing variation on this experiment involves "marking" the photons so that the actual route of each photon to the screen is known. Remarkably, in such a case, the fringe patterns do not appear because quantum interference cannot occur. A consequence of the observation of the photon route is an effect that, in other quantum mechanical connections, is known as a collapse of the wavefunction. However, it is possible for the fringe patterns to reappear when information on the route of the photons is lost; this is known as a quantum eraser.