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Applications of Josephson junction SQUIDs Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) and Arrays

Arnold H. Silver

Published Nov 1, 1982• 0 citations
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Abstract

This is the first Annual Report for an effort to demonstrate the application of SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) and SQUID arrays to microwave systems. The application considered here is a microwave voltage-controlled oscillator. We report on the circuit design, numerical simulation, experimental design, and fabrication of the device including tests of the monolithic impedance transformer. Predicted available power is approximately 10 nW into a load impedance of ohm.

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Applications of Josephson Junction SQUIDs and Arrays.

Arnold H. Silver

This is a new contract for a projected multi-year investigation of Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) arrays and their application to microwave technology. The focus of this contract is the investigation and demonstration of a SQUID voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The array is then projected to increase the available power and operating impedance. The approach adopted will utilize monolithic superconducting integrated circuits which will be designed, fabricated, and tested at TRW. The project has three tasks: (1) Analysis of dc SQUID Arrays; (2) Design of dc SQUID Generator; and (3) SQUID VCO Fabrication and Measurement which are being carried out.

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We have investigated the SQUID as a voltage-controlled source of microwaves. The low impedance "resistive" SQUID can be a relatively high power (\sim nW), tunable, and monochromatic source for both on-chip and off-chip applications. Studies of the time-dependent junction phase and the available power spectra as they vary with such device parameters as loaded Q and the SQUID-β= 2πLic/φoestablish design rules for a well-behaved oscillator. For a VCO βQ\beta Q\geq2degenerate parametric subharmonic oscillations and chaotic instabilities are observed. Power increase is suggested by the use of voltage-clamped dc SQUIDs and arrays.

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics•May 1, 1983•6 citations

Demonstration of SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) parametric amplifier

Arnold H. Silver, R. Sandell, Reggie Phillips +1 more

This is the first Annual Report of an effort to demonstrate a low noise superconducting microwave amplifier. The amplifier is a nearly degenerate, single idler parametric amplifier which uses the nonlinear inductance of a single junction SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device). The design frequency is 9 GHz, 10 dB gain, and 16% bandwidth. In order to maximize the saturation power, the device impedance was chosen near 1ohm and a matching network was designed to transform to 50ohm. In later designs, a coherent array of SQUIDs is expected to increase the power and impedance. This report includes the design and test of the 50ohm to 1ohm broadband transformer, design and fabrication of the SQUID amplifier, and both saturation and noise analyses of the single SQUID and SQUID array. The analytical results, reported to the 1982 Applied Superconductivity Conference are: the noise temperature of the single SQUID parametric amplifier is equal to the amplifier termination temperature T(o), the response is linear to several percent of the flux quantum energy in the SQUID: the amplifier will be saturated by broad band noise if the noise source temperature is much greater than 10 To; and the array parametric amplifier has the same noise temperature as the single device indicating an N-fold increase in dynamic range. (Author)

Annual Report•Nov 1, 1982•0 citations

Demonstration of SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) parametric amplifier. Interim report 1 Oct 83-15 Mar 84

Arnold H. Silver, Robert D. Sandell, Reggie Phillips +1 more

TRW has been developing low noise microwave parametric amplifier with Josephson junction SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices). This report summarizes the second phase of the program which includes measurement of the amplifier performance at X-band, and design and fabrication of a SQUID array amplifier. We have demonstrated gain in excess of 10 dB at 8.4 GHz and a measured noise temperature equal to 6K with an uncertainty of (+15/-7)K. Arrays with both 25 and 50 elements and 50 ohmi impedance have been designed and fabricated. These arrays should increase the dynamic range of the amplifier.

•May 15, 1984•0 citations

High Transition Temperature Quantum Interference Filters

Shane A. Cybart, R. C. Dynes

Abstract : We have fabricated and tested large scale arrays of Josephson junctions. Some devices have as many as 150,000 junctions in a single device. To aid in device design we have also developed a numerical simulation program in Matlab to simulate voltage magnetic field characteristics for these arrays. Our numerical simulation code supports the modeling of 2 dimensional array structures and takes into account mutual interactions between all of the squids in the array. The results are in excellent agreement with our experimental measurements. We have also performed measurements of the critical current noise in our Josephson junctions and have been testing arrays in flux locked loops.

•Nov 28, 2011•0 citations

Submillimeter Quasioptical Josephson Junction Oscillator with Integrated Tuning Elements

A. Pance, Andrew T. Barfknecht

The goal of this program was to demonstrate a Quasioptical Josephson Oscillator with Integrated Tuning Elements using standard Conductus niobium technology. This device is based on a novel approach that incorporates integrated tuning and impedance-matching structures at every Josephson junction/ antenna pair. The device has been designed, fabricated and successfully tested. A new, unit cell has been devised, incorporating a sub-array of 1 to 16 Josephson junctions. Microstrip transformers are used locally between each sub- array and its antenna. The oscillator with 110 Josephson junctions and bow-tie antennas was found to radiate close to its maximum available power at 115 GHz. The on-chip SIS radiation detector has detected 2.64 nW of power. The oscillator was tuned across 19 GHz, or 16% of fractional bandwidth, in reasonable agreement with the predicted value of 19%. This is the first demonstration of a distributed array Josephson oscillator, where each junction feeds its own antenna and phase-locks to the radiation of other junctions. It is also the first demonstration of using integrated microstrip tuning and impedance matching elements at every Josephson junction of an oscillator. Finally, this is the first distributed Josephson oscillator reported to date that appears to radiate close to its maximum available power. Submillimeter, Oscillators, Antenna arrays, Superconducting electronics, Quasioptical.

Final Report•Apr 30, 1994•0 citations
This is the first Annual Report for an effort to demonstrate the application of SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) and SQUID arrays to microwave systems. The application considered here is a microwave voltage-controlled oscillator. We report on the circuit design, numerical simulation, experimental design, and fabrication of the device including tests of the monolithic impedance transformer. Predicted available power is approximately 10 nW into a load impedance of ohm.
This is a new contract for a projected multi-year investigation of Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) arrays and their application to microwave technology. The focus of this contract is the investigation and demonstration of a SQUID voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The array is then projected to increase the available power and operating impedance. The approach adopted will utilize monolithic superconducting integrated circuits which will be designed, fabricated, and tested at TRW. The project has three tasks: (1) Analysis of dc SQUID Arrays; (2) Design of dc SQUID Generator; and (3) SQUID VCO Fabrication and Measurement which are being carried out.
We have investigated the SQUID as a voltage-controlled source of microwaves. The low impedance "resistive" SQUID can be a relatively high power (\sim nW), tunable, and monochromatic source for both on-chip and off-chip applications. Studies of the time-dependent junction phase and the available power spectra as they vary with such device parameters as loaded Q and the SQUID-β= 2πLic/φoestablish design rules for a well-behaved oscillator. For a VCO βQ\beta Q\geq2degenerate parametric subharmonic oscillations and chaotic instabilities are observed. Power increase is suggested by the use of voltage-clamped dc SQUIDs and arrays.
This is the first Annual Report of an effort to demonstrate a low noise superconducting microwave amplifier. The amplifier is a nearly degenerate, single idler parametric amplifier which uses the nonlinear inductance of a single junction SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device). The design frequency is 9 GHz, 10 dB gain, and 16% bandwidth. In order to maximize the saturation power, the device impedance was chosen near 1ohm and a matching network was designed to transform to 50ohm. In later designs, a coherent array of SQUIDs is expected to increase the power and impedance. This report includes the design and test of the 50ohm to 1ohm broadband transformer, design and fabrication of the SQUID amplifier, and both saturation and noise analyses of the single SQUID and SQUID array. The analytical results, reported to the 1982 Applied Superconductivity Conference are: the noise temperature of the single SQUID parametric amplifier is equal to the amplifier termination temperature T(o), the response is linear to several percent of the flux quantum energy in the SQUID: the amplifier will be saturated by broad band noise if the noise source temperature is much greater than 10 To; and the array parametric amplifier has the same noise temperature as the single device indicating an N-fold increase in dynamic range. (Author)
TRW has been developing low noise microwave parametric amplifier with Josephson junction SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices). This report summarizes the second phase of the program which includes measurement of the amplifier performance at X-band, and design and fabrication of a SQUID array amplifier. We have demonstrated gain in excess of 10 dB at 8.4 GHz and a measured noise temperature equal to 6K with an uncertainty of (+15/-7)K. Arrays with both 25 and 50 elements and 50 ohmi impedance have been designed and fabricated. These arrays should increase the dynamic range of the amplifier.
Abstract : We have fabricated and tested large scale arrays of Josephson junctions. Some devices have as many as 150,000 junctions in a single device. To aid in device design we have also developed a numerical simulation program in Matlab to simulate voltage magnetic field characteristics for these arrays. Our numerical simulation code supports the modeling of 2 dimensional array structures and takes into account mutual interactions between all of the squids in the array. The results are in excellent agreement with our experimental measurements. We have also performed measurements of the critical current noise in our Josephson junctions and have been testing arrays in flux locked loops.
The goal of this program was to demonstrate a Quasioptical Josephson Oscillator with Integrated Tuning Elements using standard Conductus niobium technology. This device is based on a novel approach that incorporates integrated tuning and impedance-matching structures at every Josephson junction/ antenna pair. The device has been designed, fabricated and successfully tested. A new, unit cell has been devised, incorporating a sub-array of 1 to 16 Josephson junctions. Microstrip transformers are used locally between each sub- array and its antenna. The oscillator with 110 Josephson junctions and bow-tie antennas was found to radiate close to its maximum available power at 115 GHz. The on-chip SIS radiation detector has detected 2.64 nW of power. The oscillator was tuned across 19 GHz, or 16% of fractional bandwidth, in reasonable agreement with the predicted value of 19%. This is the first demonstration of a distributed array Josephson oscillator, where each junction feeds its own antenna and phase-locks to the radiation of other junctions. It is also the first demonstration of using integrated microstrip tuning and impedance matching elements at every Josephson junction of an oscillator. Finally, this is the first distributed Josephson oscillator reported to date that appears to radiate close to its maximum available power. Submillimeter, Oscillators, Antenna arrays, Superconducting electronics, Quasioptical.